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Medicine Unit 6 > Introduction to Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are neurons

A

receive information from synapses in dendritic tree that cause changes in membrane potential
can generate action potential form axon hillock, travel down axon and collaterals to stimulate

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2
Q

summary of what occurs at a synapse

A

action potentials stimulate the opening of calcium channels
synaptic vesicles fuse with pre synaptic membrane
release neurotransmitter

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3
Q

different neurotransmitters

A

glutamate which is excitatory
GABA which is inhibitory

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4
Q

what stains DNA

A

DAPI

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5
Q

what are neurons classified into

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
pseudounipolar

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6
Q

what is in the image

A

cortical pyramidal cell

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7
Q

what is in the image

A

retinal bipolar cell

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8
Q

what is in the image

A

retinal ganglion cell

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9
Q

what is in the image

A

retinal amacrine cell

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10
Q

what is in the image

A

neurons in the mesecephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V

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11
Q

what is in the image q

A

cerebellar purkinje cells

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12
Q

which cells are located at each letter

A

A- cortical pyramidal cell
B- retinal; bipolar cell
C- retinal ganglion cell
D- retinal amacrine cell
E- neurons in mesencephalic nucleus of cranial nerve V
F- cerebellar purkinje cells

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13
Q

neuroglia, PNS

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells are analogues of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
no blood brain barrier between immune system and PNS
so equivalents of microglia are macrophages of immune system

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14
Q

what is in the image

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial cell

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15
Q

how is the nervous system structurally divided

A

CNS and PNS

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16
Q

how is the nervous system functionally divided

A

sensory Vs motor
or
somatic vs autonomic

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17
Q

components of the central nervous system

A
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18
Q

sensory components

A
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19
Q

motor components

A
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20
Q

peripheral nervous system components

A
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21
Q

effectors components

A
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22
Q

afferents

A

fibres carrying signals towards a structure

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23
Q

efferents

A

fibres carrying signals away

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24
Q

arrangement of axons in the CNS

A

into tracts
can be ipsilateral or contralateral

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25
tract arrangement
red is ipsi blue is contra
26
ganglion
cluster of neurones outside the NS
27
nucleus
cluster or neurons inside the CNS
28
sulcus
groove
29
fissure
valley
30
gyrus
folded cortex
31
fasciculus
particular cluster of axons
32
funiculus
general area of white matter
33
grey matter
neurons
34
white matter
axons
35
what is the Brian dominated by
the cerebrum cerebellum brainstem
36
spinal cord is segmental and contains cervical and lumbar enlargements, why?
to process information related to upper and lower limbs
37
what are meninges
membranes
38
3 layers of meninges
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
39
what circulates within the arachnoid mater
cerebrospinal fluid
40
dura
tough, leather sits immediately deep to the skull contains meningeal arteries
41
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
41
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
41
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
41
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
42
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
42
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
43
where does the dura extend to
the cranial cavity to the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
44
label the dural reflections
45
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
46
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
47
what creates CSf
choroid plexus
48
choroid plexus
heavily vascularised tissue on inner lining of the brain ventricles secretes CSF actively transports metabolites from blood to CSF and acts as site of immune cell passage into CSF
49
where does the CSF flow into
the subarachnoid space absorbed into the venous sinuses
50
label the image of the coronal section
51
meninges in the spinal cord
suspended by dentate ligament which is specialised arachnoid
52
when spinal cord finishes at L1/L2 what is left
lumbar cistern containing spinal nerves
53
label the image
54
what does the caudal equine allow
safe lumbar punctures to enable sampling of CSF or delivery of antibiotics or dyes for pyelogram or epidural
55
divisions of the PNS
somatic and visceral/autonomic
56
how many spinal nerves is there
31
57
how many cervical nerves
8
58
how many thoracic nerves
12
59
how many lumbar nerves
5
60
how many sacral nerves
5
61
how many coccygeal nerves
1
62
what type of nerves are spinal nerves
mixed nerves carry both somatic and visceral axons
63
label the image of a peripheral nerve
64
what is the perineurium
layer of connective tissue within a nerve that surrounds a nerve fascicle
65
where does the endoneurium lie
inside of the perineurium
66
endoneurium
composed of endoneural bundles of connective tissue, mainly collagen and endoneural fluid the PNS analogue of CNS
67
label the image of a peripheral nerve
68
what can Schwann cells be
myelinating or non-myelinating
69
label the image of a Schwann cell
red is myelinating blue is non-myelinating
70
what are Schwann cells functional analogues of
oligodendrocytes in the CNS
71
cervical nerves
emerge superior to respective vertebrae but cervical nerve 8 emerges below C7
72
thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves
emerge inferior to respective vertebrae
73
what is a dermatome
area of skin innervated by a single nerve root
74
shingles
varicella costa virus VZV infection spreads from dorsal root ganglia down nerve and erupts at peripheral nerve terminals outlines dermatome of DRG
75
myotomes
group of muscles innervated by a single nerve root
76
types of cranial nerves
sensory motor mixed
77
sensory cranial nerves
olfactory optic vestibulocochlear
78
motor cranial nerves
oculomotor trochlear abducens accessory hypoglossal
79
mixed cranial nerves
trigeminal facial glossopharyngeal vagus
80
how to remember the cranial nerves in order
81
label the cranial nerves
82
autonomic nervous system
associated with viscera and includes sensory and motor components motor divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
83
sympathetic
fight or flight
84
parasympathetic
rest and digest
85
enteric nervous system
capable of autonomous control of gut peristalsis contains complete sensorimotor circuits that can function independently of CNS input but which are regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic
86
hypothalamus control of ANS
signals extensively to brainstem and spinal cord
87
neural crest
progenitor cells that migrate out of the crest of the brain and give rise to PNS
88
what does the Vagal crest give rise to
the ENS
89
what is in the image
shows Hirschsprung's disease
90
what is hirschsprungs disease
Hirschsprung's disease is a rare condition that causes poo to become stuck in the bowels. It's mainly diagnosed in babies and young children. Normally, the bowel continuously squeezes and relaxes to push poo along, a process controlled by your nervous system.

Medicine Unit 6 (23 decks)

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