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Bioregulatory systems > introduction to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

introduction to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is superior?

A

towards top of head

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2
Q

what is inferior?

A

towards feet

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3
Q

what is inferior?

A

front of body

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4
Q

what is posterior?

A

back of body

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5
Q

what does dorsal/ventral mean for animals who move horizontally (ie fish)?

A

dorsal = top
ventraal = abdominal

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6
Q

define rostral

A

towards nose

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7
Q

define caudal

A

towards tail

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8
Q

where do rostral and caudal point to in the spinal cord?

A

rostral = towards head
caudal = bottom of cord

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9
Q

in the brain where do rostral and caudal point to?

A

rostral = anterior
caudal = posterior

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10
Q

what is a sagittal section?

A

slice down middle of brain divides brain into 2 separate halves

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11
Q

what is the cns protected by?

A

cranium and vertebral column

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12
Q

what do spinal nerves serving the upper or lower limbs combine to form?

A

brachial or lumbar plexus

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13
Q

define ganglia

A

peripherally located nerve bodies

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14
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

what are afferent neurones?

A

nerve cells that carry information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

also called sensory neurones if the information they carry reaches consciousness

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16
Q

what are efferent neurones?

A

carry impulses away from the CNS

called motor neurones if they supply nerves to skeletal muscle to cause movement

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17
Q

which regions of the cns are more enriched in nerve cell bodies?

A

central portion of spinal cord and surface of the cerebral hemisphere

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18
Q

what is grey matter?

A

outermost layer of the brain
high conc of neuronal cell bodies
central portion of spinal cord and surface of cerebral hemisphere

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19
Q

what is white matter?

A

found in deeper tissues of brain (subcortical)
contains axons, most covered in myelin sheath, giving the white colour

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20
Q

what does sympathetic NS do?

A

increases energy
inc heart rate
inc bood pressure
sweat glands produce more sweat

fight or flight

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21
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

conserves energy

increases digestion
inc salivation
dec heart rate

rest and digest

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22
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

conserves energy

increases digestion
inc salivation
dec heart rate

rest and digestd

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23
Q

describe the structure of cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex- highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter
inner core of white matter

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24
Q

how are the 2 cerebral hemispheres separated?

A

incompletely by a deep cleft- the great longitudinal fissure

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25
Q

where does the great longitudinal fissure lie?

A

in the corpus callosum

26
Q

what is the brain divided into?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

27
Q

what is the hindbrain divided into?

A

medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum

28
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

29
Q

what does the forebrain consist of?

A

diencephalon (principally the thalamus and hypothalamus) and cerebral hemisphere

30
Q

what is CSF produced by?

A

the choroid plexus

31
Q

what are basal ganglia?

A

several large nuclei within the cerebral hemisphere

32
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves does the brain possess?

A

12

33
Q

how are the 2 cerebral hemispheres linked?

A

commissural fibres of the corpus callosum

34
Q

what does the surface of the cerebral hemisphere consist of?

A

cortical grey matter, folded to form gyri and sulk

35
Q

what is gyri?

A

a ridge on the surface of the brain to inc the SA
establish borders within and between the brain’s lobes, dividing them into 2 halves

36
Q

what are sulci?

A

groove in the cerebral cortex

37
Q

what’s the difference between gyri and sulci?

A

fissures = deep furrowss
sulci = shallow ones
gyri = ridges between sulci

38
Q

what are the lobes of the brain?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic

39
Q

what does the frontal lobe contain?

A

primary motor cortex

40
Q

what does the parietal lobe contain?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

41
Q

what does the temporal lobe contain?

A

primary auditory cortex

42
Q

what does the occipital lobe contain?

A

primary visual cortex

43
Q

what does the limbic lobe contain?

A

regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

44
Q

where does the spinal cord lie?

A

within the vertebral (spinal) canal of the vertebral column
continuous rostrally with the medulla oblongata of the brain stem

45
Q

what does the spinal cord receive information from and control?

A

the trunk and limbs

46
Q

what do the spinal nerves divide into near the cord?

A

dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) roots

47
Q

what do dorsal roots carry?

A

afferent fibre with celll bodies in dorsal root ganglia

48
Q

what do ventral roots carry?

A

efferent fibres

49
Q

what does the spinal cord consist of?

A

central core of grey matter, containing nerve cell bodies
outer layer of white matter containing nerve fibres

50
Q

what is within the white matter?

A

run ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts
which link the spinal cord with the brain

51
Q

what are the principle ascending tracts?

A

dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, spinocerebellar tracts

52
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A

an important descending tract

53
Q

what is within the grey matter?

A

dorsal horn- contains sensory neurones
ventral horn- contains motor neurones
lateral horn- contains preganglionic sympathetic neurones

54
Q

describe the cerebral cortex

A

thick layer of brain tissue which covers surface of the cerebral hemisphere
folded to inc sa
forms ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

55
Q

what does the Sylvian fissure do?

A

separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebral hemisphere

56
Q

what are the 3 meningeal layers of the brain and spinal cord?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater and Pia mater

57
Q

what incompletely divides the cranial cavity into compartments?

A

2 sheets of cranial dura mater
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli

58
Q

what does the cranial dura mater contain?

A

dura venous sinuses which act as channels for the venous damage of the brain

59
Q

where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

A

in the subarachnoid space beneath the arachnoid mater

60
Q

what supplies the brain with blood?

A

the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

61
Q

how is the spinal cord supplied with blood?

A

by vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries, reinforced by ridiculer arteries derived from segmental vessels

Bioregulatory systems (4 decks)

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