introduction to neuroanatomy

Question 1

what is superior?

Answer 1

towards top of head

Question 2

what is inferior?

Answer 2

towards feet

Question 3

what is inferior?

Answer 3

front of body

Question 4

what is posterior?

Answer 4

back of body

Question 5

what does dorsal/ventral mean for animals who move horizontally (ie fish)?

Answer 5

dorsal = top
ventraal = abdominal

Question 6

define rostral

Answer 6

towards nose

Question 7

define caudal

Answer 7

towards tail

Question 8

where do rostral and caudal point to in the spinal cord?

Answer 8

rostral = towards head
caudal = bottom of cord

Question 9

in the brain where do rostral and caudal point to?

Answer 9

rostral = anterior
caudal = posterior

Question 10

what is a sagittal section?

Answer 10

slice down middle of brain divides brain into 2 separate halves

Question 11

what is the cns protected by?

Answer 11

cranium and vertebral column

Question 12

what do spinal nerves serving the upper or lower limbs combine to form?

Answer 12

brachial or lumbar plexus

Question 13

define ganglia

Answer 13

peripherally located nerve bodies

Question 14

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Answer 14

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 15

what are afferent neurones?

Answer 15

nerve cells that carry information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

also called sensory neurones if the information they carry reaches consciousness

Question 16

what are efferent neurones?

Answer 16

carry impulses away from the CNS

called motor neurones if they supply nerves to skeletal muscle to cause movement

Question 17

which regions of the cns are more enriched in nerve cell bodies?

Answer 17

central portion of spinal cord and surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 18

what is grey matter?

Answer 18

outermost layer of the brain
high conc of neuronal cell bodies
central portion of spinal cord and surface of cerebral hemisphere

Question 19

what is white matter?

Answer 19

found in deeper tissues of brain (subcortical)
contains axons, most covered in myelin sheath, giving the white colour

Question 20

what does sympathetic NS do?

Answer 20

increases energy
inc heart rate
inc bood pressure
sweat glands produce more sweat

fight or flight

Question 21

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

Answer 21

conserves energy

increases digestion
inc salivation
dec heart rate

rest and digest

Question 22

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

Answer 22

conserves energy

increases digestion
inc salivation
dec heart rate

rest and digestd

Question 23

describe the structure of cerebral hemispheres

Answer 23

cerebral cortex- highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter
inner core of white matter

Question 24

how are the 2 cerebral hemispheres separated?

Answer 24

incompletely by a deep cleft- the great longitudinal fissure

Question 25

where does the great longitudinal fissure lie?

Answer 25

in the corpus callosum

Question 26

what is the brain divided into?

Answer 26

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 27

what is the hindbrain divided into?

Answer 27

medulla oblongata pons cerebellum

Question 28

what makes up the brainstem?

Answer 28

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 29

what does the forebrain consist of?

Answer 29

diencephalon (principally the thalamus and hypothalamus) and cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

what is CSF produced by?

Answer 30

the choroid plexus

Question 31

what are basal ganglia?

Answer 31

several large nuclei within the cerebral hemisphere

Question 32

how many pairs of cranial nerves does the brain possess?

Answer 32

12

Question 33

how are the 2 cerebral hemispheres linked?

Answer 33

commissural fibres of the corpus callosum

Question 34

what does the surface of the cerebral hemisphere consist of?

Answer 34

cortical grey matter, folded to form gyri and sulk

Question 35

what is gyri?

Answer 35

a ridge on the surface of the brain to inc the SA establish borders within and between the brain's lobes, dividing them into 2 halves

Question 36

what are sulci?

Answer 36

groove in the cerebral cortex

Question 37

what's the difference between gyri and sulci?

Answer 37

fissures = deep furrowss sulci = shallow ones gyri = ridges between sulci

Question 38

what are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 38

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic

Question 39

what does the frontal lobe contain?

Answer 39

primary motor cortex

Question 40

what does the parietal lobe contain?

Answer 40

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 41

what does the temporal lobe contain?

Answer 41

primary auditory cortex

Question 42

what does the occipital lobe contain?

Answer 42

primary visual cortex

Question 43

what does the limbic lobe contain?

Answer 43

regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 44

where does the spinal cord lie?

Answer 44

within the vertebral (spinal) canal of the vertebral column continuous rostrally with the medulla oblongata of the brain stem

Question 45

what does the spinal cord receive information from and control?

Answer 45

the trunk and limbs

Question 46

what do the spinal nerves divide into near the cord?

Answer 46

dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) roots

Question 47

what do dorsal roots carry?

Answer 47

afferent fibre with celll bodies in dorsal root ganglia

Question 48

what do ventral roots carry?

Answer 48

efferent fibres

Question 49

what does the spinal cord consist of?

Answer 49

central core of grey matter, containing nerve cell bodies outer layer of white matter containing nerve fibres

Question 50

what is within the white matter?

Answer 50

run ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts which link the spinal cord with the brain

Question 51

what are the principle ascending tracts?

Answer 51

dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, spinocerebellar tracts

Question 52

what is the corticospinal tract?

Answer 52

an important descending tract

Question 53

what is within the grey matter?

Answer 53

dorsal horn- contains sensory neurones ventral horn- contains motor neurones lateral horn- contains preganglionic sympathetic neurones

Question 54

describe the cerebral cortex

Answer 54

thick layer of brain tissue which covers surface of the cerebral hemisphere folded to inc sa forms ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Question 55

what does the Sylvian fissure do?

Answer 55

separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 56

what are the 3 meningeal layers of the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 56

dura mater, arachnoid mater and Pia mater

Question 57

what incompletely divides the cranial cavity into compartments?

Answer 57

2 sheets of cranial dura mater falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli

Question 58

what does the cranial dura mater contain?

Answer 58

dura venous sinuses which act as channels for the venous damage of the brain

Question 59

where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

Answer 59

in the subarachnoid space beneath the arachnoid mater

Question 60

what supplies the brain with blood?

Answer 60

the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 61

how is the spinal cord supplied with blood?

Answer 61

by vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries, reinforced by ridiculer arteries derived from segmental vessels