Introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

saturated

Answer 2

contains single carbon bonds only

Question 3

unsaturated

Answer 3

contains a carbon-carbon double bond

Question 4

molecular formula

Answer 4

the formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

Question 5

empirical formula

Answer 5

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Question 6

general formula

Answer 6

algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 7

structural formula

Answer 7

shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question 8

displayed formula

Answer 8

shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Question 9

skeletal formula

Answer 9

shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 10

functional group

Answer 10

a group of atoms / an atom responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 11

homologous series

Answer 11

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

Question 12

characteristics of a homologous series

Answer 12

they show a gradual change in physical properties such as MP as molecular mass increases

Each member differs by CH2 from the last

Same chemical properties

Question 13

functional group of an alkane

Answer 13

c-c

Question 14

functional group of alkenes

Answer 14

c(double bond)c

Question 15

functional group of alcohols

Answer 15

C-OH

Question 16

Prefix and suffix of alchols

Answer 16

suffix: -ol
prefix : hydroxy-

Question 17

functional groups of halogenoalkanes

Answer 17

c-halogen

Question 18

prefix of halogenoalkanes

Answer 18

chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

Question 19

functional group of aldehydes

Answer 19

on the end of the chain there is a double bond upwards for oxygen and a single bond coming off the carbon for hydrogen

Question 20

prefix of aldehydes

Answer 20

-al

Question 21

suffix of aldehydes

Answer 21

formyl-

Question 22

functional group of ketones

Answer 22

in the middle of the chain there is a double bond upwards coming off a carbon atom for oxygen

Question 23

suffix of ketones

Answer 23

-one

Question 24

prefix of ketones

Answer 24

oxo-

Question 25

functional group of carboxylic acids

Answer 25

at the end of the chain there is a double bond upwards coming off the carbon for oxygen and a single bond coming off the carbon for OH

Question 26

suffix of carboxylic acids

Answer 26

-oic acids

Question 27

functional group of esters

Answer 27

in the middle of the chain there is a double bond coming off the carbon for oxygen and also a single bond coming off the carbon for oxygen

Question 28

order of priority for all homologous series (highest first)

Answer 28

carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes

Question 29

IUPAC rules for nomenclature

Answer 29

1. Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous unbranched carbon chain for the stem of the name
2. Identify any branches or functional groups
3. Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain to indicate positions of branches or functional groups. If there are more than 1 functional groups, put it in alphabetical order
4. If the same groups appear more than once, indicate how many times they are present

Question 30

how do you determine which functional group gets the suffix/prefix

Answer 30

the functional group with the highest priority gets the suffix ending

Question 31

structural isomers

Answer 31

same molecular formula different structural formula

Question 32

chain isomers

Answer 32

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

Question 33

position isomers

Answer 33

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

Question 34

functional group isomers

Answer 34

compounds with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged to give different functional groups

Question 35

why is cyclobutane not an alkene even though it follows the general formula of alkenes

Answer 35

it does have the general formula CnH2n but it is not an alkene because it does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond

Question 36

aliphatic compounds

Answer 36

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic chains

Question 37

alicylic compounds

Answer 37

an aliphatic compound which contains atoms arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side chains

Question 38

aromatic compounds

Answer 38

a compound containing a benzene ring

Question 39

formula of benzene

Answer 39

C6H6

Question 40

steroisomers

Answer 40

same structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 41

why do E-Z isomers exist

Answer 41

due to the restricted rotation about the carbon-carbon double bond (single carbon-carbon covalent bonds can easily rotate)

There are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond

Question 42

which type of isomerism do alkenes exhibit

Answer 42

E-Z steroisomerism

Question 43

CIP priority rules

Answer 43

1. The atom of higher atomic number which is attached to each side of the double bond, is given priority
2. If the atoms are the same, consider the atoms at distance from the double bond. The group containing the atom of higher atomic number is given priority