Introduction to Organics (Chapter 11)

Question 1

What is a π bond?

Answer 1

A double covalent bond where there is an overlap of p orbitals.

Question 2

Define structural isomerism

Answer 2

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

Question 3

Define stereoisomerism

Answer 3

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulas but a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

Question 4

What is a chain isomer?

Answer 4

Where there is a different carbon chain.

Question 5

What is a positional isomer?

Answer 5

Caused by the function group being in a different position.

Question 6

What is a functional group isomer?

Answer 6

Caused by having a different functional group.

Question 7

What is an E-Z isomer?

Answer 7

Caused by molecules with a C=C with two different groups attached to each C.

They exist due to restricted rotation around the C=C bond.

Question 8

What are optical isomers?

Answer 8

Caused by C atoms having four different groups attached leading to molecules that are superimposable mirror images of each other.

Question 9

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 9

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

Question 10

What is meant by saturated?

Answer 10

Single carbon bonds only

Question 11

What is meant by unsaturated?

Answer 11

Contains a C=C bond

Question 12

What is molecular formula?

Answer 12

Formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

Question 13

What is the empirical formula?

Answer 13

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of each element in the compound

Question 14

What is general formula?

Answer 14

Algebraic formula for homologous series e.g CnH2n

Question 15

What is displayed formula?

Answer 15

Shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule.

Question 16

What is structural formula?

Answer 16

Shows the minimum detail that shows the arrangement of atoms present in a molecule.

Question 17

What is the shape and bond angle around the carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 17

Tetrahedral, 109.5

Question 18

What is skeletal formula?

Answer 18

Show the simplified organic structure, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, just leaving the carbon atoms and associated functional groups.

Question 19

What is a functional group?

Answer 19

An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have the same chemical properties.

Question 20

What is a homologous series?

Answer 20

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula.

Question 21

What are properties of homologous series?

Answer 21

• They show gradual change in physical properties e.g. boiling point
• Each member differs by CH2 from the last
• Same chemical properties

Question 22

What is the order of priority/precedence of functional groups from highest to lowest?

Answer 22

Carboxylic acid - highest
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenalkanes - lowest

Question 23

How are compounds with more than one functional group named?

Answer 23

Using the order of precedence.

Highest precedence takes the suffix (and lowest number on carbon chain) with all others taking prefix form.

Double and triple C-C bonds take suffix form only.

Question 24

What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?

Answer 24

• Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately
• Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain
• Add the appropriate preface for each branch chain

Question 25

What are the basic rules for naming functional groups?

Answer 25

* If the suffix starts with a vowel, remove the -e from the stem alkane name e.g. propane-1-ol, butane-1-amine, ethanoic acid, ethanoylchloride, butanamine * If the suffix starts with a consonant or there are two or more functional groups, meaning di or tri need to be used, then don't remove -e from stem alkane name e.g. propanenitrile, ethane-1,2-diol, propanedioic acid, propane-1,2,3-triol, pentane-2,4-dione.

Question 26

Define Nucleophile

Answer 26

Molecule/ion with a lone pair of electrons to form new bonds (e- donor)

Question 27

Define Electrophile

Answer 27

Molecule/ion that attacks e- rich part of molecules e.g. c=c bond (e- acceptor)

Question 28

Define Addition Reaction

Answer 28

2 Molecules join to make a single product

Question 29

Define Substitution Reaction

Answer 29

Atom (or group of atoms) are replaced by another atom form group of atoms

Question 30

Define Elimination Reaction

Answer 30

Removal of part of a molecule, crating an unsaturated compound e.g. c=c bond

Question 31

Define Hydrogenation

Answer 31

Addition of hydrogen to a compound/molecule

Question 32

Define Dehydrogenation

Answer 32

Removal of hydrogen from a compound/molecules

Question 33

Define Hydration

Answer 33

Addition of a water molecules to a compound/molecule