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Diseases of Food Animals > Introduction to Parasitic Diseases of Food Animals > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitic Diseases of Food Animals Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

disease sign

A

symptoms that can have different underlying causes

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2
Q

disease

A

manifestation of an infection

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3
Q

parasite phyla diversity

A

nematodes, tapeworms, flatworms, and protozoa

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4
Q

metazoa

A

multicellular, nematodes, tapeworms, and flatworms

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5
Q

protozoa

A

single celled

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6
Q

nematodes

A

or roundworms, economically important if food animals

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7
Q

nematode disease presentation

A

parasitic gastroenteritis and hemonchosis, problem in younger animals

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8
Q

nematode characterisitics

A

numerous species, direct life cycle, some are more pathogenic than others

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9
Q

nematode host species

A

some species affect sheep and cattle, wildlife species may carry domestic animal nematode parasites

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10
Q

direct life cycle

A

one host involved in the parasitic life cycle

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11
Q

adult tapeworms

A

cause mild intestinal disease with not much economical significance

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12
Q

tapeworm larval stages

A

cause non-intestinal disease

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13
Q

tapeworm characteristics

A

mainly direct lifecycle, tapeworms easily identified in feces, segmented parasites

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14
Q

flat worms

A

liver flues in ruminants are important in wet and temperate areas of the USA

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15
Q

liver fluke lifecycle

A

indirect, two hosts involved in lifecycle, snails ingest liver fluke, offspring in pasture, cow ingest offspring

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16
Q

why is understanding lifecycle important?

A

for prevention and control of parasites

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17
Q

liver flukes: sheep

A

cause acute to chronic liver disease, can cause significant morbidity and mortality in a flock

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18
Q

liver flukes: cattle

A

more resistant than sheep, disease is uncommon, livers are often condemned at processing plants

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19
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms that need host cells to replicate

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20
Q

protozoa: coccidia

A

cause scours and enteritis in young sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and poultry

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21
Q

coccidia importance

A

commercially important disease, worldwide distribution including Wyoming, preventative treatment is often used with intensive farming systems

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22
Q

protozoa: cryptosporidia

A

causes scours and enteritis in neonates

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23
Q

cryptosporidia importance

A

common cause of neonatal diarrhea in ruminants and pigs, zoonotic mainly in the young and immune suppressed

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24
Q

protozoa: toxoplasma gondii

A

important cause of abortion in sheep and goats

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25
toxoplasma gondii importance
zoonotic, important risk for pregnant women
26
protozoa: neospora caninum
causes abortion in cattle
27
neospora caninum importance
problematic in dairy farms, prevalent in california
28
questions to ask about parasitic disease cases
grazing history lambing and breeding season symptoms what they treated with environment/location new animals pre-risk disease history
29
why is weakness and pale skin a disease sign of parasitism?
blood suckers can cause anemia
30
hemonchus contortus
or barber's pole worm, are blood consuming leading to severe anemia in the host, settle in the abomasum
31
hemonchus contortus environment
prevalent in warm, moist, subtropical, and tropical areas
32
hemochus contortus importance
most important disease affecting some sectors of goat and sheep farming industry, can be a problem in cattle, not the only parasite of the abomasum
33
hemonchus contortus lifecycle
direct lifecycle, eggs pass through feces and ruminant consumes larval phase while adults develop in the abomasum
34
hemonchus contortus control
good treatment and pasture management, treat during adult stages and then move pastures
35
monitoring for hemonchus contortus
fecal parasite counts and evaluating eyes for anemia
36
control of hemonchus contortus disease
anthelminthic program, pasture management
37
what does pasture management look like to control disease?
rotational grazing, strip grazing, crop rotations, avoid overgrazing, and avoid grazing young or susceptible animals on contaminated pastures
38
why may a response to anthelmintics be poor?
reinfection from larvae on pasture, parasite resistance, wrong dosage, improper administration, degraded drugs
39
hemonchus key points
cause of serious disease and economical loss in small ruminants, worldwide, uncommon in WY, control includes deworming, breed resistance, and pasture management
40
why are fungi important?
directly invade animal tissues, direct ingestion of mycotoxins on food material causes disease in animals, mycotoxins ingested by animals may pass into human food chain
41
fungi directly invade animal tissues
ringworm in cattle, aspergillosis in poultry
42
direct ingestion of mycotoxins on food material causes disease in animals
fescue foot in cattle where fungus grows on tall fescue (ergovaline), ergotism in cattle where fungus grows on wheat and rye grass (ergotamine)
43
mycotoxins ingested by animal may pass into human food chain
mycotoxins secreted into milk, some mycotoxins are carcinogenic leading to liver cancer, liver cancer rates are high in humans in countries with less regulation, mycotoxins in animal and human feeds are regulated by the FDA
44
the most common way that humans ingest mycotoxins
grain
45
ringworm in cattle
can affect many other species, form spores that survive for prolonged periods in porous surfaces, highly infectious with housed cattle but has self limiting infection
46
ringworm in cattle susceptibility
common in young animals, zoonotic causing mild skin disease
47
ringworm in cattle treatment and control
antifungal drugs in feed, will resolve on its own, keep buildings clean to prevent build up of spores and have proper ventilation
48
Aspergillosis in poultry linked with
contaminated buildings, spores of Aspergillus fumigatus contaminate buildings
49
aspergillosis disease signs
trouble breathing, inflammation and invasion of fungi in air sacs
50
aspergillosis in poultry
often causes loss with high stocking density, cause sever outbreaks in young birds under six weeks
51
aspergillosis remedy
difficult to treat so tolerate low level losses or try to eradicate or suppress by building disinfection, fumigation, good sanitation and good ventilation
52
aspergillosis dangers
can cause outbreaks that spread quickly with high mortality rate, really hard to get rid of it through disinfection
53
ergotism/fescue foot
mycotoxins survive in hay, cases can occur during winter feeding, most important impact is on production at lower doses, summer slump
54
ergotism/fescue foot disease sign
mycotoxins cause vasoconstriction and loss of blood supply (ischemia), swollen feet and non-weight bearing lameness
55
prions
infectious misfolded prion proteins that due not have nucleic acid
56
what disease do prions cause?
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
57
Human prion disease
kuru, mid 50's in New Guinea, infectious through cannibalism
58
Sheep prion disease
scrapie, 1930s, not zoonotic
59
Deer and elk prion disease
chronic wasting disease, not thought to be zoonotic, reported in farmed deer
60
Cattle prion disease
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, zoonotic and derivatives, 180,000 cattle cases, 1987-2015, peak in 1992
61
BSE transmitted to humans
vCJD, 180 cases, outbreak peaked in 2000
62
misfolded prion protein
insoluble, aggregates, difficult for cells to degrade and remove
63
the prion replication cycle
spontaneous misfolding to form PrPsc (sporadic disease) is extremely rare, infectious PrPsc converts normal prion proteins
64
prion disease presentation
misfolded prions accumulate in the brain and cause degeneration, prions accululate in lymphoid tissues
65
prion diagnosis
dead: microscopy of brain tissue live: biopsy of third eyelid in sheep or rectal tissue in deer, antibody staining
66
would PCR work for prion diagnosis?
No, prions do not contain nucleic acid to sequence
67
scrapie
cause wasting and itchiness in sheep and goats, vertical transmission from placental ingestion or directly to fetus, close to eradicated in the US
68
CWD
mainly wasting in deer, elk, and moose, horizontal transmission through ingestion of prions in contaminated environment, expanding in distribution in WY, CO, NE, overseas, farmed deer
69
how are prions inactivated?
autoclaving, heating, soaking in bleach
70
is it possible to eradicate prions from the environment?
it is not currently possible to inactivate prions when there is large scale environmental contamination

Diseases of Food Animals (6 decks)

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