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Diseases of Food Animals > Introduction to Pathogenic Bacteria > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathogenic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

sudden death in cattle with large spleens

A

need to consider anthrax

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2
Q

when should anthrax be considered as a differential diagnosis for sudden death in ruminants?

A

multiple deaths, anthrax prone areas (south dakota), summer months, dry weather

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3
Q

why should an anthrax suspect carcass never be opened?

A

spore formation and dissemination that allow anthrax spores to exist in soil for decades

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4
Q

why is anthrax common in dry weather?

A

ingesting more soil due to digging up dry forages for consumption

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5
Q

name of bacterium

A

genus then species

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6
Q

name of disease

A

in [] after name of bacterium

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7
Q

bacteria are a major cause of loss of life and productivity in food animals

A

true

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8
Q

pathogen

A

microbe or parasite that causes disease

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9
Q

virulence

A

the capacity to cause disease through transmission and how infectious it is

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10
Q

low virulence

A

cause disease in immunocompromised animals and neonates

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11
Q

high virulence

A

able to cause disease in healthy animals

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12
Q

host

A

an animal or organism infected with a pathogen

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13
Q

host range

A

the species that are susceptible to infection

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14
Q

infection

A

presence of infectious agent in or on the body

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15
Q

infection

A

presence of a microbe within or on the body surface. it is not always associated with disease

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16
Q

infected and non diseased animals may…

A

spread the pathogen to others and have decreased productivity, subclinical disease

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17
Q

clinically affected

A

disease

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18
Q

subclinically affected

A

infection

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19
Q

Clostridium chauvoei

A

first bacterium identified in 1880 by Chauveau, blackleg bacillus

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20
Q

1845

A

Gerlach found anthrax transmitted by inoculation and persists in soil

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21
Q

1860-1864

A

Pasteur demonstrated that bacteria cause disease, confirmed germ theory of disease, identified nosema bombycis is cause of pebrine disease in silk worms

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22
Q

bacteria size

A

0.1-10 um, 100x smaller than visible to naked eye

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23
Q

coccus

A

round bacteria, Streptococcus suis

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24
Q

rod

A

elongated bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella dublin

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25
spiral
curved bacteria, Campylobacter fetus
26
spiral helix
twisted bacteria, leptospira pomona
27
bacterial structure
prokaryotes, mostly single celled, plasmids, cell wall, flagella, pili, single round chromosome
28
plasmids
encode for virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes
29
cell wall
varies between bacteria
30
flagella
important for motility and distribution varies
31
pili
important for attachment to host tissues, important for causing disease
32
bacterial DNA
single main circular chromosome
33
cell wall properties
gram positive and gram negative
34
gram positive
stain blue, peptidoglycan, streptococcus suis and trueperella pyogenes
35
gram negative
stain pink, lipopolysaccharide, mannheimia hemolytica, salmonella spp.
36
gram neutral bacteria
leptospira pomona
37
acid fast: waxy cell wall
mycobacterium bovis
38
acid fast: no cell wall
mycoplasma bovis
39
bacteria classifications
structure and heterogeneity, cell wall properties, oxygen requirements and toxicity
40
strict aerobe
requires oxygen, E. coli and salmonella spp.
41
strict anaerobe
oxygen is toxic, no protective mechanisms against free radicals, clostridia sp.
42
facultative anaerobe
different metabolic systems to switch between to survive in aerobic and anaerobic environments, clostridia sp.
43
anaerobic bacteria
colonize in parts of the body where there is no oxygen, areas of tissue damage that aren't receiving blood supply, sometimes the intestinal tract
44
Clostridium Chauvoei
anaerobic bacteria that lives in intestinal tract to cause blackleg
45
what parts of the body are normally sterile?
upper urinary tract, blood, lungs, mammary glands, upper reproductive tract, liver, kidney, heart, brain
46
what parts of the body normally have a microbial flora?
skin, gastrointestinal tract, lower reproductive tract, lower urinary tract, mouth, ears, upper respiratory tract, teat canal
47
some bacterial pathogens are also normal flora
cause disease when they enter sterile areas of the body
48
how do bacteria enter sterile places in the body?
stress, damaged tissues, and impaired immune system
49
prevention and control of normal flora that become pathogenic
minimize stress and implement vaccination programs
50
normal flora of throat that can become pathogenic
mannheima haemolyticum and pasteurella multocida
51
normal flora of lower urinary and reproductive tract that can become pathogenic
mycoplasma spp. and ureaplasma spp.
52
normal flora of intestinal tract that can become pathogenic
clostridium perfringens
53
how do bacteria cause disease? (normal flora)
parts of flora or from infection with stress or concurrent disease, bacteria access sterile site, proliferation and toxin production, inflammation and organ disfunction, disease
54
how do bacteria cause new disease? (new infection)
new infection, tissue invasion, proliferation and toxin production, inflammation and organ disfunction, disease
55
adhesins
proteins that promote virulence, encoded from plasmids, that allow for attachment
56
adhesin example
K99(cow) and K88(pig) of E. coli attach to intestinal lining
57
exotoxins
secreted protein toxins that cause damage to cells
58
exotoxin example
enterotoxigenic E. coli and shiga-like toxin 2
59
E. coli (enterotoxin)
watery diarrhea, enterotoxin induces increased secretion of water into the intestine, treated with fluid therapy
60
E. coli (shiga-like toxin 2)
bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis, causes death of intestinal lining cells, treated with fluids and antibiotics
61
endotoxins
non-protein based, made of lipopolysaccharide, important for gram negative bacteria
62
gram negative endotoxins
contribute to inflammation including pneumonias (mannheimia haemolytica) and septicemias (E. coli)
63
anthrax bacillus
persist for decades in environment due to spore formation in soil
64
clostridial spp and fusobacterium spp.
survive for years in the environment
65
E. coli and salmonella
exist for weeks/ months depending on environmental conditions
66
mycoplasma and ureaplasma
limited survival in environment due to no cell wall and fragility
67
diagnosis of bacterial infections
clinical examination, necropsy, culture and identification, DNA detection by PCR, detection of endotoxin proteins, detection of cell wall molecules by immunohistochemistry, evaluation of immune response
68
identification of bacterial components without culture
detection of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detection of exotoxin proteins (clostridial toxins), detection of cell wall molecules by immunohistochemistry, evaluation of immune response
69
which samples to use for culture or direct detection?
diseased organs or tissues for necropsy (lung, liver, brain), secretions and excretions for live animals (nasal or ocular discharge, feces)
70
bacterial culture
allows for antibiotic sensitivity assays
71
fastidious
bacteria that are difficult to grow in culture
72
direct identification
DNA by PCR, bacterial toxins by ELISA, immunohistochemistry of tissue, microscopy of tissue or secreted fluids
73
direct identification examples
anthrax by PCR, brucella immumohistochemistry, leptospires found in kidney tissue and urine under microscope
74
inference of bacteria infection or exposure based on immune status
antibody tests and caudal fold test
75
caudal fold test
bovine tuberculosis immune status test
76
serological test
brucellosis antibody test

Diseases of Food Animals (6 decks)

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