Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
In Biological Relationships, what do you call the relationship between two unlike organisms?
A
Symbiosis
2
Q
In Biological Relationships, what do you call the members of the symbiotic relationship?
A
Symbiont/Symbiote
3
Q
Enumerate the four (4) examples of symbiotic relationships.
A
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Phoretic
- Parasitism
4
Q
In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call when both parties benefit each other?
A
Mutualism
Example: Termites and Flagellates
5
Q
In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call where one party benefits, and the other party is not affected or unharmed?
A
Commensalism
Example: E. coli in the intestinal lumen
6
Q
In Symbiotic Relationship, what do you call the relationship where one that involves “Phoresis”?
A
Phoretic
7
Q
In Phoretic Relationship, what do you call the organism that is carried and nothing else happens?
A
Phoresis
(It means “to carry”)
8
Q
In Phoretic Relationships, what do you call where there is no physiologic interaction is involved between the host and the ____?
A
Phoront
(It is the organism being carried)
Example: Cockroaches carrying Ascaris eggs
9
Q
In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call the relationship where one benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)?
A
Parasitism
Example: E. histolytica in humans
10
Q
What is the area of biology that deals with the dependence of one organism on another? It is also known as the study of parasites, its hosts, and their relationships.
A
Parasitology
11
Q
In Characteristics of Parasitic Diseases, on what areas are parasitic diseases prevalent?
A
Developing Countries/Lower Socioeconomic Population
12
Q
T/F. Parasitic diseases have a low mortality and low morbidity.
A
True
(It is not deadly per se, usually neglected, very few people die)
13
Q
T/F. Parasitic diseases have limited drug development and there is no current vaccines.
A
True
14
Q
What do you call the species that harbors the parasite? It may show no harmful effects or it may suffer from the pathogenic effects of the parasite.
A
Host
15
Q
Enumerate the seven types of host.
A
- Final Host/Definitive Host
- Intermediate Host
- Vectors
- Accidental Host
- Paratenic Host/Transfer Host
- Dead-end Host/Incidental Host
- Reservoir Host
16
Q
What is the other name for final host?
A
Definitive Host
17
Q
What host harbors the mature form of the parasite?
A
Final Host
18
Q
What host where sexual reproduction and maturity takes places in these?
A
Final Host
19
Q
What is the common final host?
A
Man
20
Q
What host harbors the immature/larval form of the parasite?
A
Intermediate Host
21
Q
What host where asexual reproduction takes place?
A
Intermediate Host
Example: Lower animals, vegetation, insects, sometimes humans (in Plasmodium infections)
22
Q
What host is responsible for transmission?
A
Vectors
23
Q
What are the two types of vectors?
A
- Biologic Vector
- Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
24
Q
What vector exhibits a morphologic change or transformation of parasite before transmission to another host?
A
Biologic Vector
Example: Aedes, mosquitoes, tsetse fly, ticks
25
What vector is where the parasite is always inside?
Biologic Vector
26
What vector exhibits no morphological change?
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
27
What vector is where the parasite is always outside?
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
Example: Cockroaches and Flies
28
What host harbors a parasite that usually does NOT infect it?
Accidental Host
Example: Man infected with Toxocara canis
29
What is the other name for paratenic host?
Transfer Host
30
What host harbors parasites that do not develop to further stages?
Paratenic Host
31
What host only transfers from one host to another?
Paratenic Host
32
What host widens parasite distribution and bridges ecological gap between definitive and intermediate hosts?
Paratenic Host
Example: Boars for P. westermani
33
What is the other name for dead-end host?
Incidental Host
34
What host does not anymore allow the life cycle of the parasite to continue?
Dead-end host
Example: Humans for T. spiralis
35
What host is other than the parasite's usual hosts that allows the life cycle to continue?
Reservoir Host
36
What host is where animals can continue the life cycle even in absence of humans?
Reservoir host
37
What host becomes additional sources for human infection?
Reservoir Host
Example:
1. Pigs for Balatidium coli
2. Field rats for Paragonimus westermani
3. Beavers for Giardia lamblia
4. Cats for Brugia malayi
38
What are the three types of parasites?
1. Obligate
2. Facultative
3. Commensal
39
What parasite ALWAYS requires a host to survive? It occurs to most parasites.
Obligate
Example: Ascaris, Hookworms, Trichuris, Tapeworms
40
What parasite has a free-living and parasitic phase?
Facultative
Example: Threadworms, Naelegria
41
What do you call the phase of a facultative parasite that is found in the environment?
Free-living
42
What do you call the phase of facultative parasites where the conditions are unfavorable?
Parasitic Phase
43
What parasite is non-pathogenic?
Commensal
44
What are the seven types of parasites according to their habitat?
1. Ectoparasite
2. Endoparasite
3. Erratic Parasite
4. Accidental Parasite
5. Spurious Parasite
6. Temporary
7. Permanent
45
What parasite lives outside the host?
Ectoparasite
46
What do you call the presence of an ectoparasite in a host?
Infestation
Example: Ticks, Lice, Fleas
47
What do you call a parasite that lives inside the host?
Endoparasite
48
What do you call the presence of an endoparasite in a host?
Inf ction
(Occurs in most parasite)
49
What do you call a parasite that is not living in its natural habitat?
Erratic Parasite
Example: Ascaris when it is not found in the small intestine
50
What is the other name for accidental parasite?
Incidental Parasite
51
What is the parasite that does not live in its usual host?
Accidental Host
52
What do you call a free-living organism that passes through the GI tract WITHOUT infecting the host?
Spurious Parasite
53
What is the other name for temporary parasites?
Transient Parasites
54
What parasite remains on host for its entire life?
Permanent
55
What are the three types of parasites according to egg laying capacity?
1. Oviparous
2. Ovoviviparous
3. Larviparous
56
What parasite lays IMMATURE eggs (Eggs not yet embryonated, egg has no larva yet)?
Oviparous
57
What do you call a parasite that is larva laying?
Larviparous
Example: Trichinella
57
What parasite lays mature eggs (Embryonated, larva present)?
Ovoviviparous
Example: Schistosoma, Clonorchis
58
What are the three types of parasites according to sexes?
1. Monoecious
2. Dioecious
3. Parthenogenetic
59
What is the other name for monoecious?
Hermaphrodites
60
What parasite is where both testes and ovaries are found in one parasite?
Monoecious
Example: Flukes and Tapeworms
61
What parasite exhibits the presence of separate sexes?
Dioecious
Example: All nematodes but Strongyloides
62
What parasites where females are capable of SELF-FERTILZATION?
Parthenogenetic
Example: Strongyloides stercoralis
63
What are the three stages for Helminthes?
1. Adult
2. Larva
3. Egg/Ovum
64
In the stages for helminthes, what do you call the mature form?
Adult
65
In the stages for helminthes, what do you call the immature form?
Larva
66
In the stages for helminthes, What stages are included in the larva form?
L1-L3
67
In the stages for helminthes, What stage is the nonmotile form?
Egg/Ovum
68
In the stages of helminthes, What stage is the resistant stages?
Egg/Ovum
69
In the stages for helminthes, what stage is the infective stage?
Egg/Ovum
70
In the stages for helminthes, this stage that once ingested, infects the host.
Infective Stage
71
What are the two stages for protozoans?
1. Trophozoite
2. Cyst
72
In the stages for protozoans, what is the motile/vegetative stage?
Trophozoite
73
In the stages for Protozoans, what is the nonmotile but is usually the infective stage?
Cyst
74
What are the nine types of transmission of parasites?
1. Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH)
2. Vector Borne
3. Food Borne
4. Water Borne
5. Vertical Transmission
6. Transmammary
7. Skin Penetration
8. Inhalation
9. Intimate Contact
75
What are the examples of STH?
1. Hookworm spp.
2. A. lumbricoides
3. T. trichuria
4. S. stercoralis
76
What are the examples of vector borne parasites?
Mosquitoes and ticks (Arthropods) that has plasmodium spp, hemoflagellates, and filarial worms
77
What transmission of parasite is when you are fond of eating different types of food, it may be undercooked or raw food?
Food Borne
78
What are the examples of food borne parasites?
1. Fasciola
2. Opisthorchis
3. Clonorchis
4. Echinostoma
5. Heterophes
6. Taenia
79
What parasite can be transmitted if you drink contaminated water?
Water borne
80
What are examples of water borne parasites?
1. Giardia
2. Cryptosporidium
81
What parasite can be transmitted through congenital transmission?
Vertical Transmission
82
What is the example of vertical transmission?
Toxoplasma gondii
83
What is the transmission if it is through drinking of breast milk?
Transmammary
84
What are the examples of transmammary parasites?
1. Ancylostoma
2. Strogyloides
85
What do you call the transmission of exposure of skin to soil or water?
Skin penetration
86
What are the examples of skin penetrating parasites?
1. Hookworm spp.
2. Strongyloides
3. Schistosoma
87
What parasite can be obtained through the INHALATION of airborne eggs?
Enterobius
88
What parasite can you obtain through INTIMATE CONTACT/Sexual Contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
89
What do you call how the parasites develop?
Life Cycle
90
What are the two types of life cycles?
1. Direct
2. Indirect
91
What do you call the life cycle that does not have an intermediate host, it only consists of a parasite and a final host?
Direct
92
What do you call a life cycle that has an intermediate host such as the migration of larval stages of plasmodium spp. present in some parasites?
Indirect
93
T/F. Life cycles that are more complicated has a lesser chances for the parasite to survive.
True
94
What is the presence of signs and symptoms?
Disease
95
What is any organism that causes diseases?
Infection
96
What is the establishment of an organism in one host?
Infection
97
What does not have destruction of tissue yet because this is not equal to disease?
Infection
98
What harbors the organism, but the person shows no signs or symptoms?
Carrier/Reservoir
99
What do you call the period between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms?
Incubation Period
100
In this period, there are NO symptoms.
Incubation Period
101
What is the other name for incubation period?
Clinical Incubation Period
102
What is the period between infection and evidence/demonstration of infection?
Pre-patent Period
103
What period exhibits a POSITIVE laboratory result?
Pre-patent Period
104
What period can be ahead of incubation period, or lesser?
Pre-patent Period
105
What is the other name for pre-patent period?
Biologic Incubation Period
106
What is the process of inoculating an infective agent?
Exposure
107
What do you call where an infected individual becomes his/her own source of infection?
Autoinfection
108
What do you call when the parasite does not need to go outside the host's body to replicate and multiply?
Autoinfection
Example: Capillaria, Strongyloides, Enterobius, Cryptosporidium, Hymenolepis nana
109
What do you call when the infected individual is further infected with the same parasite?
Superinfection
Example: Strongyloides
110
What is the other name for superinfection?
Hyperinfection
111
What is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease?
Epidemiology
112
What do you call the number of patients infected at one point in time?
Prevalence
113
What is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite?
Cumulative Prevalence
114
What is the number of new cases?
Incidence
115
What measures risk of developing the disease?
Incidence
116
What do you call when there is a few cases?
Sporadic
117
What do you call when there is an ongoing local transmission in one area?
Endemic
118
What do you call the sudden increase in number of cases, an outbreak?
Epidemic
119
What do you call a worldwide epidemic?
Pandemic
120
What do you call the permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidence of an infection?
Eradication
121
What do you call once achieved, continued efforts to reduce infections is no longer needed?
Eradication
122
What do you call the reduction to zero of incidence of a specified disease in an area?
Elimination
123
What is the number of cases?
Morbidity
124
What is the number of deaths?
Mortality
125
What is the severity of the infection?
Intensity of Infection
Example: Worm burden in ascaris
126
What do you call when parasites infects humans but do not cause disease?
Commensals
127
This parasite can cause injury by release of metabolites/enzymes.
E. histolytica
128
This parasite can deprive humans of Vitamin B12 or Cyanocobalamin.
Diphyllobothrium latum
129
What are some of the tissue damage a parasite can do?
1. Fatty Degeneration
2. Albuminous Degeneration
3. Necrosis
130
What do you call the increase in number of cells?
Hyperplasia
131
What do you call the increase in the size of cells?
Hypertrophy
132
What do you call the change from one cell type to another?
Metaplasia
133
What do you call the formation of tumors or neoplasms?
Neoplasia
134
What is the inability of parasite to synthesize certain cellular compounds, so they need the help of the host to obtain these components?
Streamlining
135
What confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi?
Duffy Blood Group Fy (a- b-)
136
What anemia confers resistance to Plasmodium falciparum?
Sickle Cell Anemia
137
What inhibits growth of protozoans?
High protein diet
138
What favors the development and appearance of symptoms and complications of amebiasis?
Low protein diet
139
What favors the development of some tapeworms?
High carbohydrate diet
140
What provides surface protection against invasion from parasites?
Skin
141
What provides external barriers to parasite entry?
Mucuous membranes
142
What can present a hostile environment to microorganisms?
Low pH of vaginal secretions and gastric juice
143
What chemical component is toxic to Giardia?
Lipase content of breast milk
144
What chemical component is able to destroy microorganisms?
Lysozyme in tears and saliva (with the IgA content)
145
What is the motion of the cilia in the digestive tract which helps in expelling parasites?
Peristalsis
146
What enables expectoration of certain parasites?
Coughing
147
What are the two antigenic variations?
1. Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs)
2. Variant Surface Proteins
148
What do you call when the parasite changes its surface proteins or glycoproteins to avoid detection by the immune system?
Antigenic Variation
Example: Giardia and Hemoflagellates
149
What do you call when the parasite can copy certain proteins/antigens in the body?
Host mimicry
Example: E. granulosus larva mimics the P antigen in the P blood group
150
What do you call when the parasite hides inside the cell?
Intracellular Sequestration
Example: Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania
151
What is the use of anthelminthic drugs in a individual or public health program?
Deworming
152
What is the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative?
Cure Rate
153
What is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming?
Egg Reduction Rate
154
What is the individual-level of deworming?
Selective treatment
155
What is the selection for treatment based on presumptive grounds?
Selective Treatment
156
What is a group-level deworming?
Targeted treament
157
What is a population-level deworming?
Universal treatment
158
What is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention through administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups?
Preventive Chemotherapy
159
What is the proportion of target population reached by the intervention?
Coverage
160
What is the effect of a drug?
Efficacy
161
What is the measure of the effect of a drug?
Effectiveness
162
What is the genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug?
Drug Resistance
163
What is the avoidance of illness caused by infections?
Morbidity control
164
What aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices?
Information-education-communication (IEC)
165
What is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for medication or manipulation of environmental factors?
Environmental Management
166
What is the intervention to reduce environmental health risks?
Environmental Sanitation
167
What is the provision of access to adequate facilities for safe disposal of human exreta?
Sanitation
