Introduction To Phonation

Question 1

What is phonation

Answer 1

Not articulation, not initiation, VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

Question 2

What is phonation?

Answer 2

Production of “voice”

Question 3

What is the sound source in phonation?

Answer 3

The larynx

Question 4

What are the two types of phonation?

Answer 4

Voiceless and voiced

Question 5

What are the three states of the glottis?

Answer 5

Closed
Open
Intermittent

Question 6

What is the theory of voice production?

Answer 6

Aerodynamic myoelastic theory of phonation

Question 7

What does aerodynamic mean?

Answer 7

Air pressure/movement forces

Question 8

What does myoelastic mean?

Answer 8

Muscle and tissue

Question 9

Aerodynamic myoelastic theory of phonation describes

Answer 9

Action of one cycle of pulsed energy

Question 10

Cycle includes

Answer 10

Closed glottis-vocal folds subjected to pressure-vocal folds abduct-subject to Bernoulli effect-vocal folds adduct-closed glottis

Question 11

What is the Bernoulli effect?

Answer 11

When gas/liquid is flowing through narrow space it accelerates

Question 12

Moving liquid/gas

Answer 12

Lower in pressure

Question 13

Pressure drop results in

Answer 13

Suction (rarefaction)

Question 14

Bernoulli effect in speech

Answer 14

Pulmonic airflow
Narrowed glottis
Air pressure drops

Question 15

Myoelasticity

Answer 15

The folds will part under pressure but will tend to push back (due to Bernoulli effect) once they have parted (Clark and Yallop)

Question 16

Vocal folds subjected to pressure

Answer 16

Subject to Bernoulli effect

Question 17

In the voice phonation type (I.e voicing) vocal folds can open and close

Answer 17

80-500 times per second

Question 18

Vocal folds are

Answer 18

Versatile and have different settings. These can combine

Question 19

What are the six phonation types?

Answer 19

Voice
Breath
Creak
Whisper
Harsh
Falsetto

Question 20

Voice is the

Answer 20

Main, normal phonation type used for vowels,consonants etc

Question 21

Voice involves

Answer 21

Periodic opening and closing of vocal folds

Question 22

Modal voice is a

Answer 22

Neutral mode of phonation that involves periodic vibration and has no audible friction noises. Other types combine with voice

Question 23

When combined with voice, in breathy voice

Answer 23

Vocal folds vibrate without closing “flapping in the breeze” air flows through very fast

Question 24

Voiceless phonation aka nil phonation

Answer 24

Glottis open
No audible noise from vocal folds
Low volume velocity
E.g f and s (noise only from oral cavity)

Question 25

Whispery voice when combined with voice

Answer 25

``` Triangular opening (less than 25% of glottis) Hushing, turbulent noise (friction produced at glottis) ```

Question 26

Creaky voice is also referred to as

Answer 26

Vocal fry/laryngealisation combines with voice

Question 27

In creaky voice the vocal folds are

Answer 27

Strongly adducted: thickening of vocal folds

Question 28

Creaky voice has

Answer 28

Low frequency cracking sound: 25-50Hz

Question 29

Harsh voice has

Answer 29

Very strong tension of the vocal folds. Irregular vibration and amplitude

Question 30

Falsetto has

Answer 30

High frequency of vibration. Vocal folds are stretched longitudinally and are thin at edges

Question 31

What are the three auditory dimensions of phonation

Answer 31

Pitch Loudness Timbre

Question 32

What is pitch?

Answer 32

Frequency of opening and closing of vocal folds

Question 33

Big vocal folds results in

Answer 33

Slow pitch

Question 34

Small vocal folds results in

Answer 34

Fast pitch

Question 35

Pitch of vibration =

Answer 35

Fundamental frequency (F0)

Question 36

In males fundamental frequency is

Answer 36

120Hz (hertz)

Question 37

In females fundamental frequency is

Answer 37

220Hz

Question 38

Fundamental frequency in child of ten years is

Answer 38

330Hz

Question 39

Loudness is related to amount of

Answer 39

Sub-glottal pressure (greater=louder)

Question 40

Loud voices have

Answer 40

Larger space between vocal folds during abduction and a longer adducted stage

Question 41

Loudness is measured in

Answer 41

Decibels and referred to as amplitude

Question 42

50dB

Answer 42

Quiet conversation

Question 43

70dB

Answer 43

Loud conversation

Question 44

130dB

Answer 44

Threshold of pain

Question 45

Timbre refers to

Answer 45

Tone colour

Question 46

Timbre is the differences in

Answer 46

Length of opening stage (opening quotient)

Question 47

Low opening quotients are

Answer 47

Sharp and bright

Question 48

High opening quotients

Answer 48

Are mellow

Question 49

Perturbation

Answer 49

Is variations in pitch and loudness

Question 50

Perturbation takes into account

Answer 50

Neurological, physiological and acoustic factors

Question 51

A jitter is

Answer 51

A variation in pitch

Question 52

With jitters, vibration cycles

Answer 52

Vary in frequency (over short-term speech signal)

Question 53

Jitters occur in

Answer 53

Normal speech but markedly increased in dysphonic patients

Question 54

What is a shimmer?

Answer 54

Variations in loudness. Variability in amplitude of vibration of vocal folds

Question 55

English -Phonation types in languages communicate certain information but

Answer 55

Don't affect meaning of words e.g boring, sexy Change meaning in other languages

Question 56

What are the results of ageing on phonation?

Answer 56

Low amplitude Breathy phonation F0 decrease (more in females than males) Jitter and shimmer increase

Question 57

A voice disorder is laryngitis which is

Answer 57

Interference of normal functioning of laryn affecting pitch and loudness and results in a breathy hoarse voice

Question 58

Developmental disorders

Answer 58

Abnormal vocal folds/ paralysis voice mutation

Question 59

Voice misuse results in

Answer 59

Swelling Nodules Polyps