Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Introduction to Physio > Flashcards

Introduction to Physio Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

homeostasis

A

constant internal environment through system cooperation

  • regulated by body systems
  • constant ph, electrolytes, wastes, termperature
  • each cell experiences little variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dynamic steady state

A

matter and energy flow in and out of system while the system itself stays constant

  • open state
  • NOT equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

flow of negative feedback loop

A

variable-sensor-afferent pathway-integrator (compares actual value to set value)-set point-efferent pathway-effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tonic control

A

control more or less of one effector (car accelerator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

antagonistic control

A

controls opposites (hot+cold, etc). accelerator+ brake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensitivity

A

how good is sensor for feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

gain

A

how good is the effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lag time

A

time to complete feedback loop

-slower if part of cycle is defective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

feed forward

A

brain-stomach-brain=hungry

  • see food, get hungry
  • food goes down, systems prepare for food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

positive feedback

A

continues same action

-heightened response, goes to some sort of endpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

proteins in negative feedback loop

A

action molecules

  • part that does action
  • binds to something to do action on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ligand

A

binds to protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ligand concentration

A

determines how often a ligand will go in and bind to a binding site on a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

affinity

A

determine how long the ligand occupies the binding site, or when it will come out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 things that affect the # of full binding sites

A
  1. number of binding sites
  2. concentration of ligand
  3. affinity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 ways to cause molecular movement

A
  1. diffusion
  2. pressure
  3. voltage
  4. motor proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move from high concentration to low

-“unidirectional flux”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

net flow

A

add the two vectors of diffusion (water and glucose for example) and if =0 then at equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

entropy

A

diffusion is caused by a force, know because have to work against it
-equilibrium in diffusion represents a higher entropy state than a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water from higher [] to lower []

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

compartments with higher solute concentration have higher HP because water diffuses in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

two forces that make water move

A

hydrostatic pressure
diffusion
-equilibrium can be achieved where hydrostatic pressure is equal and opposite diffusion force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how to determine diffusion force

A

measure hydrostatic pressure difference, diffusion is opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

osmotic pressure

Study These Flashcards
A

diffusional force, measured in pressure units, but not really pressure
-represents force of diffusion reported in units of pressure

25
higher osmotic pressure?
higher solute concentration, even tho lower h20
26
osmotic strength
- proportional to osmotic pressure - dtermined by counting number of dissolved solute particles per liter of solution - also known as OSMOLARITY
27
osmolarity
number of moles of solute per liter of solution
28
similar osmotic strength
``` 100mM CaCl2 (breaks into 3x mM) and 300 mM glucose ```
29
isotonic
cell mOSM is equal to solution mOSM
30
hypertonic
cell has less osmolarity than solution (less particles) | -cell shrivels
31
hypotonic
higher osmolarity than solution | -cell bursts
32
facilitated diffusion
molecules need a special transport proetin to pass membrane
33
facilitated diffusion controlled by
1. number of transporters 2. concentration of solute 3. affinity
34
channel vs carrier
passive diffusion | -channel, NA+ goes through, carrier for glucose
35
active transport (primary)
needs energy (ATP) - pumps against gradient - Na+ K+
36
active transport (secondary)
uses energy of molecules diffusing into cell to transport against gradient -requires active transport to transport diffusing molecules out
37
epithelial transport
-ex small intestine -sodium pumped to basal lateral side, through cells -lumen side has a negative charge while the blood has a positive charge -sodium (+) diffuses in, chloride follows because its negative -blood becomes hypertonic, h20 naturally follows only energy is in sodium potassium pump -glucose pumped into cell, diffuses into blood
38
transcellular
-transport through both membranes
39
paracellular
transport through tight junctions | -"leaky epithelia"
40
intrinsic cell protein control
-control system based on intracellular conditions and/or concentrations of intracellular chemicals
41
extrinsic cell protein control
control system based on messages received from other cells
42
2 ways to control cell protein
1. control number of each type of protein | 2. control activity of existing proteins
43
central dogma of controlling type and number of proteins present
DNA-> transcription-> mRNA-> translation->protein-> degradation-> amino acids -focus on control of transcription, but can use translation and degradation to control as well
44
transcription controlled by
activator -repressor -promotor RNA polymerase
45
RNA polymerase
- binds to promotor, starts transcription | - change # polymerases, affinity for promotor
46
repressor
protein binds to repressor, inhibits transcription | -inducer can bind to it and stop repression
47
activator
causses more transcription of protein
48
inducer
allosteric modulator - binds to repressor, reduces affinity for DNA, causes increased transcription - binds to activator, increases affinity for DNA, increases transcription
49
covalent modification
- i.e. phosphorylation | - influences repressors and activators affinity for DNA binding
50
positive allosteric modulator
-activity increases when modulator binds
51
negative allosteric modulator
activity decreases when modulator binds
52
allosteric control
- ligand causes protein shape change | - modulator binds somewhere other than active site, changes activity of protein
53
phosphorylation
kinase | protein phosphatase
54
protein kinase
an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to or from ATP. Protein kinase uses ATP to phosphorylate proteins
55
protein phosphatase
an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a molecule. it DEphosphorylates proteins
56
cleavage
cutting the peptide chain activates some enzymes
57
zymogen
an inactive enzyme, awaiting activation by cleavage
58
negative regulation
controlling transcription - increase modulator, no transcription - decrease modulator, transcription
59
positive regulation
increase modulator, transcription | -decrease modulator, no transcription

Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions