Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

It refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

It is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.

Answer 3

Sample

Question 4

It is a set of characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

Answer 4

Variable

Question 5

These are measurements or observations.

Answer 5

Data

Question 6

It is a set collection of measurements or observations.

Answer 6

Data Set

Question 7

It is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score.

Answer 7

Datum

Question 8

A value and usually a numerical value that describes a population and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.

Answer 8

Parameter

Question 9

A value and usually a numerical value that describes a sample and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

Answer 9

Statistic

Question 10

These are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

Answer 10

Descriptive Statistics

Question 11

It consists of techniques that allows us to study sample and then make generalizations about the population from which they were selected.

Answer 11

Inferential Statistics

Question 12

It is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistics and the corresponding population parameter.

Answer 12

Sampling Error

Question 13

These are typically described by the statistical techniques.

Answer 13

Numerical Scores

Question 14

These are typically described by computing the proportion or percentage in each category.

Answer 14

Non-numerical Scores

Question 15

2 Data Structures to classify Research Methods

Answer 15

1. Correlational Method
2. Experimental and Non-experimental Method

Question 16

It is where each individual is represented by a point so that the horizontal position corresponds to the other.

Answer 16

Scatter Plot

Question 17

It is where two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

Answer 17

Correlational Method

Question 18

A statistic that usually measured and described the relationship between two variable when the data from a correlational study consist of numerical scores.

Answer 18

Correlation

Question 19

A statistical technique that evaluates the relationship between variables for non-numerical data.

Answer 19

Chi-Square Test

Question 20

It is where one variable that is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured and it attempts to control all over variables to prevent them from influencing the results.

Answer 20

Experimental Method/Experimental Research Strategy

Question 21

2 characteristics of Experimental Method

Answer 21

1. Manipulation
2. Control

Question 22

It is where the experimenter manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another.

Answer 22

Manipulation

Question 23

It is where the researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined.

Answer 23

Control

Question 24

2 general categories of Variables

Answer 24

1. Participant Variables
2. Environmental Variables

Question 25

These are characteristics such as age, gender, and intelligence that vary from one individual to another.

Answer 25

Participant Variables

Question 26

It is when a research study that allows more than one explanation for the results and because it is impossible to reach an unambiguous conclusion.

Answer 26

Confounded

Question 27

These are characteristics of the environment such as lighting, time of the day, and weather conditions.

Answer 27

Environmental Variables

Question 28

3 basic techniques to control Variables

Answer 28

1. Random Assignment 2. Matching 3. Holding them Constant

Question 29

It means that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the treatment conditions.

Answer 29

Random Assignment

Question 30

It is to ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environments.

Answer 30

Matching

Question 31

2 types of Variables

Answer 31

1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable

Question 32

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher and usually consists of wo or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed.

Answer 32

Independent Variable

Question 33

It assess the effect of the treatment in independent variable.

Answer 33

Dependent Variable

Question 34

Participants that do not receive the experimental treatment and instead, they receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.

Answer 34

Control Condition

Question 35

Participants that receives the experimental treatment.

Answer 35

Experimental Condition

Question 36

A research designs that are not true experiments but still examine the relationship between variables by comparing groups of scores.

Answer 36

Non-Experiment Methods

Question 37

The compared two groups of scores in non-experimental groups.

Answer 37

Non-Equivalent Groups

Question 38

The independent variable in non-experimental study that is used to create the different groups of scores.

Answer 38

Quasi-Independent Variable

Question 39

These are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.

Answer 39

Constructs/Hypothetical Constructs

Question 40

It identifies a measurement procedure or a set of operational definitions for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct.

Answer 40

Operational Definition

Question 41

It consists of separate, indivisible categories and where no values can exist between two neighboring categories.

Answer 41

Discrete Variable

Question 42

It consists of an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values and it is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

Answer 42

Continuous Variable

Question 43

The measurement category when measuring a continuous variable that must be defined by boundaries.

Answer 43

Interval

Question 44

These are boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line.

Answer 44

Real Limits

Question 45

2 types of Real Limits

Answer 45

1. Upper Real Limit 2. Lower Real Limit

Question 46

It is in the top of the interval.

Answer 46

Upper Real Limit

Question 47

It is in the bottom of an interval.

Answer 47

Lower Real Limit

Question 48

These are categories used to measure a variable.

Answer 48

Scales of Measurement

Question 49

4 different Scales of Measurement

Answer 49

1. Nominal Scale 2. Ordinal Scale 3. Interval Scale 4. Ratio Scale

Question 50

It consists of a set of categories that have different names and it also label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.

Answer 50

Nominal Scale

Question 51

It consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence and rank observations in terms of size or magnitude.

Answer 51

Ordinal Scale

Question 52

It consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size.

Answer 52

Interval Scale

Question 53

It is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point.

Answer 53

Ratio Scale

Question 54

The letter that represents the scores for a particular variable.

Answer 54

X

Question 55

It is used to specify how many scores are in a set and it identifies the number of scores in a population.

Answer 55

N

Question 56

The lowercase letter that identifies the number of scores in a sample.

Answer 56

n

Question 57

It is used to stand for summation.

Answer 57

Sigma

Question 58

Order of Mathematical Operation

Answer 58

1. Parentheses 2. Squaring 3. Multiplying/Dividing from left to right. 4. Summation 5. Any other addition/subtraction

Question 59

It is where participants are measured at two points in time and researchers cannot control influence of the passage of time.

Answer 59

Pre-test/Post-test

Question 60

2 Measures of Variables

Answer 60

1. Quantitative Data 2. Qualitative Data

Question 61

The data measured in numbers to make sense of it and to perform arithmetic calculations.

Answer 61

Quantitative Data

Question 62

It places variables into groups or categories.

Answer 62

Categorical Data

Question 63

2 Types of Categorical Variable

Answer 63

1. Categorical and Ordinal 2. Categorical and Nominal

Question 64

It has a logical ordering to categorical values.

Answer 64

Categorical and Ordinal

Question 65

It has no logical ordering to categorical values.

Answer 65

Categorical and Nominal

Question 66

2 Types of Quantitative Data

Answer 66

1. Discrete Variables 2. Continuous Variables