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ClinMed Exam 1 - Spring > Introduction to Systems > Flashcards

Introduction to Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of a systems review?

A

Identify suspicious non-MSK or RED flag signs and symptoms that require referral to another healthcare professional

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2
Q

Is a system review a dx of a non-MSK condition?

A

No, it is NOT a dx of non-MSK condition but recognition of suspicious non-MSK S&S

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3
Q

Are there specific RED flag signs and symptoms in isolation that are informative?

A

Few RED flag S&S in isolation are informative; look for combinations

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4
Q

Is there a consensus on which RED flags are most useful?

A

No

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5
Q

RED flags are the best tool for what?

A

To raise suspicion of pathology (Consider best evidence and individual profile together for the presence of suspicious non-MSK S&S)

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6
Q

Symptoms with aerobic exertion indicate what system?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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7
Q

Symptoms with eating indicate what system?

A

Gastrointestinal system

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8
Q

Gradual and unknown onsets for many non-MSK conditions and RED flag S&S have minimal to no _____ _____.

A

Mechanical provocation

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms are typically S determined by what part of your review?

A

History and observation

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10
Q

What are the constitutional symptoms or general health components requiring system(s) review when present?

A
  • Fever, chills, sweats- MOST often associated with systemic illness … Prolonged (≥ 2 wks.) … > 102° may require hospitalization
  • Weight changes, particularly loss of ≥ 5% and if unexplained
  • Nausea and Vomiting (N&V)
  • Dizziness and lightheadedness
  • Fatigue- prolonged (≥ 2 wks.) and limiting
  • Weakness- limiting
  • Paresthesia’s/Numbness
  • Malaise or ill feeling
  • Mentation or cognitive changes
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11
Q

What is the structure of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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12
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A
  • Filter fluid from renal blood flow
  • Remove waste
  • Retain essential substances for fluid and contents balance i.e., electrolytes, acid-base balance, etc.
  • Stimulates RBC production
  • Blood pressure regulation
  • Converts Vitamin D to its active form
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13
Q

When you have a urinary issue where will your pain most likely be?

A

In the trunk, flank, and/or pelvic regions

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14
Q

What signs and symptoms might you see with a urinary issue?

A
  • Discoloration
  • Urinary changes (Frequency, Urgency, Bleeding, Pus)
  • Dysfunction (Flow, Initiation, Control)
  • Nocturia
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15
Q

What does nocturia mean?

A

Awake to urinate

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16
Q

What is included in a urinary system review?

A
  • MOST from Hx
  • Observation of urine is unlikely
  • P! with kidney percussion
  • P! with palpation/percussion of system organs during abdominal assessment
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17
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A
  • Producing sex cells (eggs/sperm) and creating sex hormones with the Endocrine system
  • Maintaining fertilized eggs for development
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18
Q

Where would your pain be if you had a reproductive issue?

A

Pelvis, LB, abdominal regions and/or sexual organs

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19
Q

What signs and symptoms might you see with a reproductive issue?

A
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Dysfunction of the bowel and bladder due to proximity
  • Abnormal discharge from sex organs
  • Abnormal menstruation
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20
Q

What are some Early and possibly unknown pregnancy indications?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Breast tenderness
  • Fatigue
  • N&V with possible wt. loss
  • Heartburn
  • Constipation
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge
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21
Q

What would be a part of your reproductive system review?

A
  • MOST from Hx
  • Observation unlikely
  • NO other specific assessment
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22
Q

What is the structure of the metabolic system?

A

Gut, liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, kidney, and muscle

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23
Q

What are the functions of the metabolic system?

A
  • Conversion of foods and liquids into energy for all cellular processes and building blocks for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
  • Elimination of waste
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance is KEY for cellular metabolism
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24
Q

What are two common electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
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25
What is sodium responsible for?
Maintains fluid volume and cell function for messages to and from CNS
26
What is Hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is MOST frequent electrolyte disorder and contributor to neurological S&S
27
What is potassium responsible for?
Maintains fluid volume
28
The skeleton is metabolically active and a storehouse for what two things?
- Calcium - Phosphorus
29
What is calcium responsible for?
Involved with bone health, muscle actions, nerve impulses, circulation, and hormone balance
30
Where is the majority of phosphorus located?
In our bones and teeth
31
What is phosphorus responsible for?
Plays a CRUCIAL role with metabolism for the growth, maintenance, and repair of ALL tissues
32
What is involved in a metabolic review? (big picture)
- History - Observation - Resisted and/ or manual muscle testing- widespread weakness - Neuro tests: possibly widespread altered sensations - Abdominal assessment - Vital Signs - Palpation
33
What might you observe in your metabolic systems review?
- Muscle twitching/tetany - Altered respiration - Memory loss - Incoordination - Dry mouth - Fruity breath
34
What might your abdominal assessment in your metabolic systems review show?
P! with palpation and percussion of: liver, pancreas, kidney
35
What vital signs should you be checking in your metabolic review?
- Irregular heart rate - Postural hypotension - Altered respiratory rate
36
What palpation abnormalities might you find in your metabolic review?
- Loss of skin mobility - Extreme skin temperatures
37
What are PT implications for the metabolic system?
- Adequate hydration (likely more than just water i.e., electrolyte drinks (NOT Gatorade, etc.)) - Ensure efficient respiration - Increase antioxidant foods i.e., veggies and fruits
38
What kind of referral would a metabolic system issue be?
Urgent referral
39
What is the function of the immune system?
Defends the body against harmful substances, pathogens, and cells or non-selfs from internal and external threats
40
What is a part of an immune system review?
- Hx - Observation: persistent swelling and possibly pitting edema; skin changes - Vital signs- high temperature - Palpation: swollen and tender lymph nodes, muscle and joint TTP
41
What is a part of a cancer review?
- Hx: hx of cancer - Palpation of lymph nodes (> 2 cm, firm, and immobile but NON-tender due to limited inflammation with typical slow growth of most cancer) - Vital signs- high temperature
42
What is the structure of the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
43
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
- Circulate oxygenated blood through the arterial system to cells throughout the body - Deoxygenated blood carried by venous system to the lungs for reoxygenation
44
What are big picture signs and symptoms of a cardiovascular system issue? (what else does it effect)
- Primarily due to insufficiency of heart and vessels - May also influence the respiratory and lymphatic systems
45
What is involved in a cardiovascular review?
- Hx - Observation of: SOB, wheezing, sweating - Abnormal vital signs: heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure - Abnormal heart or vessel sounds with stethoscope aka auscultations
46
What is the structure of the respiratory system?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, airways, lungs, and diaphragm
47
What is the function of the respiratory system?
- In coordination with the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems to facilitate gas exchange - Nutrients and oxygen to tissues - Removes carbon dioxide and waste from tissues
48
What is involved in a respiratory review?
- Hx - Observation: cyanosis, digital clubbing, SOB, cough - Vital signs: altered respiration rate - Decreased breath sounds and pleural rub with stethoscope aka auscultations - Hyperresonance with percussions
49
What structures make up the gastrointestinal system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, to colon and rectum
50
What are the functions of the gastrointestinal system?
- Digestion: stomach and small intestines - Absorption: stomach and small intestines - Excretion: large intestines, colon, and rectum - Protection: all major categories of immune cells in the gut; 70-80% of the body's immune cells in the gut - Assisted by Hepatic system - Also, an emotional physiological connection for gut health… “brain in the bowel”
51
What is included in a gastrointestinal review?
- Primarily hx - Observation: difficulty swallowing, swelling/bloating in abdominal quadrants - Abdominal quadrant: Auscultation- altered sounds; Palpation- tenderness; Percussion- abnormal sounds
52
What is the structure of the nervous system?
Central (brain/spinal cord) and peripheral (somatic/autonomic) nervous systems
53
What is the function of the nervous system?
- Sensory processing - Involuntary and voluntary responses and actions - Maintaining system homeostasis, particularly with endocrine system - MAJOR controlling, regulatory, and communicating bodily system
54
The endocrine system meets the nervous system where?
At the hypothalamus-pituitary interface
55
What is the job of the hypothalamus?
MAIN integrative center of endocrine and autonomic nervous system functions by hormonal and neural pathways
56
Is LMN or UMN described? --> Cranial nerves; Anterior gray column of the spinal cord; Cauda equina; Spinal nerves to terminal nerve branches
LMN
57
Is LMN or UMN described? --> Above anterior horn of the spinal cord; Brain and MOST of the spinal cord
UMN
58
What is one of the biggest differences between UMN and LMN injuries?
UMN will have hyperreflexia
59
If you apply a light stroke in each abdominal quadrant around the umbilicus what will the umbilicus look like if it is WNL or hypoactive?
- WNL = umbilicus moves in the direction of the stroke - Hypoactive = decreased or lack of umbilical movement
60
What are some signs and symptoms that may occur with either UMN or LMN conditions?
- N&V - Dizziness - Visual or auditory dysfunction
61
The worst HA ever may be a sign of what?
An impending stroke
62
What is apart of your neurological review?
Hx and observation plus assessments

ClinMed Exam 1 - Spring (4 decks)

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