INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING(PSTM) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
- Refers to the process of IMPARTING KNOWLEDGE and skills from a teacher to a learner.
- It encompasses the activities of EDUCATING OR INSTRUCTING.
- It is an ACT OR EXPERIENCE that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual.
A
Teaching
2
Q
A working definition of teaching is
A
undertaking certain ethical tasks or activities the intention of which is to induce learning
(B.O Smith, Definitions of Teaching)
3
Q
it is a DELIBERATE intervention that involves PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION of instructional activities and experiences to meet learner outcomes according to a teaching plan
A
Teaching
4
Q
Clearly, not all learning is (independent or dependent?) on _____…However, all teaching regardless of ____ is predicated on learning..- White or Brown? ,19__
A
dependent
teaching
quality
Brown, 1993
5
Q
Teaching makes learning possible..-____,19__
A
Ramsden,1992
6
Q
Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something. (_______Dictionary)
A
Learning
Merriam-Webster
7
Q
“a persisting CHANGE in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learner’s INTERACTION with the environment”(____, ____)
A
Learning
(Driscoll, 1994)
8
Q
“the relatively PERMANENT change in a person’s knowledge or behavior DUE TO EXPERIENCE” (___, ___).
A
Learning
Mayer, 1982
9
Q
an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (____, ___)
A
Learning
Shuell, 1986
10
Q
A type of learning that occurs when a behavior is observed and subsequently mimicked.
A
Social Conditioning
11
Q
“It takes a village to raise a child”
What learning theory is this quote?
A
Social Conditioning(Observational Conditioning)
12
Q
LEARNING THEORIES
A
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioningorrespondent conditioning)
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)
Social Conditioning (Observational conditioning)
13
Q
is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
A
Classical Conditioning(Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning)
14
Q
Described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.
A
Operant Conditioning(Instrumental Conditioning)
15
Q
In this theory, people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
A
Social Conditioning(Observational Conditioning)
16
Q
THE “HOWs” OF TEACHING
A
A. Strategies
B. Approach
C. Technique
D. Method
17
Q
Is the art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the army. If ___ is good, we can get victory over our enemies. In teaching this term is meant those procedures by which objectives of teaching are realized in the class.
A
STRATEGY
18
Q
is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes ___, _____ objectives and an outline of planned ___, necessary to implement the strategies
A
structure
instructional objectives
outline of planned tactics
STRATEGY
19
Q
In strategy of teaching, _____ __ _____ is given more importance than presentation of lesson
A
Strategy
Realization of objectives
20
Q
A strategy (does or does not?) follow a single track all the time, but it changes according to the demands of the situations such as __, ___, ___, ____and ____of the students. Thus strategy is more comprehensive than ____.
A
does not age level needs interests abilities method
21
Q
It is directional in nature. It refers to GOAL DIRECTED ACTIVITIES of the teachers. Thus, it is more close to science than arts.
A
Strategy
22
Q
TEACHING STRATEGIES
A
Brainstorming Case Studies Debates Discussion The flipped classroom Groupwork Questioning Simulations
23
Q
is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.
A
Brainstorming
24
Q
are effective ways to get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world situation. They are particularly useful where situations are complex and solutions are uncertain.
A
Case Studies
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structured way of exploring the RANGEof VIEWS on an issue. It consists of a structured contest of argumentation, in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition.
Debates
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lets class members work actively with the ideas and the concepts being pursued, and ___sessions can be an extremely effective in >>changing behaviour or attitudes. Consequently, teachers use them frequently in instructional situations
Discussion
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students complete learning normally covered in the classroom in their own time (by watching videos and/or accessing resources), and classroom time is dedicated to hands-on activities and interactive, personalized learning, leading to deeper understanding. Students use class time to apply the theory and concepts discussed in the videos, and to utilize techniques including group problem-solving and team building games, simulations, case study reviews, and group discussions.
The flipped classroom
28
is a method of instruction that gets students to work together in groups,
Groupwork
29
The art of asking questions is at the heart of effective communication and information exchange, which underpins good teaching. If you use questioning well, you can improve the student learning experience in a whole range of Teaching Settings.
Questioning
30
are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a "world" defined by the teacher. They represent a reality within which students interact. The teacher controls the parameters of this "world" and uses it to achieve the desired instructional results. Students experience the reality of the scenario and gather meaning from it.
Simulations
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is the broadest of the three, making technique >the most specific, and the method> found in between approach and technique.
Approach
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is an organized, orderly, systematic, and well-planned procedure aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.
Method
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encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process
Technique
34
Ways in which you try to engage students with the subject matter (provide students with basic facts, relate new knowledge to what students already know, build in interaction, be passionate, be enthusiastic)
Approach
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The ways in which you support your students (encourage questions, set formative assessments, provide constructive feedback).
Approach
36
TYPES OF TEACHING APPROACH
| ACCDRD TO THE ROLE OF TEACHER
The executive approach
The liberationist approach
The facilitator approach
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views the teacher as manager of complex classroom processes, a person charged with bringing about certain outcomes with students through using the best skills and techniques available.
The executive approach
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it places a high value on what students bring to the classroom setting, it places considerable emphasis on making use of students’ prior experience.
The facilitator approach
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is rooted in notions of liberal education, wherein the goal is to liberate the mind to wonder, to know and understand, to imagine and create, using the full intellectual inheritance of civilized life.
The liberationist approach
40
TEACHING APPROACHES
| APPROACH ACCORD TO NATURE OF LEARNING
Discovery Learning
Conceptual Teaching
Process writing
Unified Teaching
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takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on his own experience and prior knowledge and is a method of instruction through which students interact with their environment by exploring and manipulating objects, wrestling with questions and controversies, or performing experiments.
Discovery Learning
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Involves the learning of specific concepts, the nature of concepts, and the development of logical reasoning & critical thinking.
Conceptual teaching
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treats all writing as a creative act which requires time and positive feedback to be done well. In process writing, the teacher moves away from being someone who sets students a writing topic and receives the finished product for correction without any intervention in the writing process itself.
Process writing
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This approach lends itself smoothly to a unified teaching-learning concept of education.
Unified Teaching
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The information handler, being a teacher, a student, or another educational environment, is at the center of this educational model.
Unified Teaching
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The main inherent characteristics of this model are extreme flexibility, integration, ease of interaction, and being evolutional.
Unified Teaching
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refers to various instructional design models that engages students in learning through ____.
Discovery
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Usually the pedagogical aims are threefold:
1. Promote "deep" learning,
2. Promote meta-cognitive skills (develop problem-solving skills, creativity, etc.),
3. Promote student engagement.
49
An approach, which capitalizes on the child’s natural curiosity and urge to explore the environment.
Discovery
50
The child learns by personal experience and experiment and this is thought to make memory more vivid and help in the transfer of knowledge to new situations.
Discovery
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Choosing and defining the content of a certain discipline to be taught through the use of or pervasive ideas as against the traditional practice of determining content by isolated topics.
Conceptual
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not a particular teaching method with specific steps to follow; it is more of a viewpoint of how facts and topics under a discipline should be dealt with.
Conceptual
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involves more data collection usually through research while the discovery approach actively involves students to undertake experimental and investigative work.
Conceptual
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An approach which provides students with an abundance of projects, activities, and instructional designs that allow them to make decisions and solve problems.
Process
55
Through this approach students get a sense that learning is much more than the commission of facts to memory. Rather, it is what children do with that knowledge that determines its impact on their attitudes and aptitudes.
Unified
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It is based on a breakdown of knowledge to integrated modules of information. The basic level of breakdown is to be used in education to buildup concepts, while the higher ones are to be used to buildup complex concepts of knowledge, including those of experts. Key to the success of this breakdown is the _____ _____of the information leading to the concept under consideration.
relational integration
| Unified
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APPROACH ACCORDING TO TEACHER-LEARNER INTERACTION
Teacher-Centered Approach
| Student-Centered Approach
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Under Teacher-centered approach
Direct Instruction
- Formal Authority
- Expert
- Personal Model
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Under Student-centered approach
```
Inquiry-based Learning
-Facilitator
-Personal Model
-Delegator
Cooperative Learning
-Facilitator
-Delegator
```
60
It is the primary role of teachers to pass knowledge and information onto their students.
Teacher-centered approach
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Student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction.
Student-centered approach
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- relies on explicit teaching through lectures and teacher-led demonstrations.
Direct Instruction
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teachers are in a position of power and authority because of their exemplary knowledge and status over their students.
Formal Authority
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Classroom management styles are traditiona; and focus on rules and expectations
Formal Authority
65
teachers are in possession of all knowledge and experitse within the classroom.
Expert
66
Their primary role is to guide and direct learners through the learning process.
Expert
67
Student are viewed solely as the receptors of knowledge and information("empty vessels.")
Expert
68
teachers who operate under the this style are those who lead by example, demonstrating to students how to access and comprehend information.
Personal Model
69
In this teaching model, students learn through observing and copying the teacher's process.
Personal Model
70
focuses on student investigation and hands-on learning.
-teacher’s primary role is that of a facilitator, providing guidance and support for students through the learning process.
Inquiry-based Learning
71
place a strong emphasis on the teacher-student relationship.
Facilitator
72
Operating under an open classroom model, there is a de-emphasis on teacher instruction, and both student and educator undergo the learning process together.
Facilitator
73
Student learning loosely guided by teacher, and is focused on fostering independence, hands-on learning, and exploration,
Facilitator
74
Teachers act as a "resource" to students, answering questions and reviewing their progress as needed. Teacher's play a passive role in student's learning; students are active and engaged participants in their learning,
Delegator
75
The main goal of this is to foster a sense of _____in their learning process.
autonomy
| Delegator
76
emphasizes group work and a strong sense of community.
Cooperative Learning
77
“Think-Pair-Share”
Cooperative Learning
78
____of teaching is directly related to the presentation of the lesson. Which a teacher should use, depends on the ____of the subject, and the ___of the teacher .
Method
nature
tact
79
FOUR METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT MATTER.
Telling Method
Doing Method
Visual Method
Mental Method
80
Lecture method, Discussion method, Story telling method and so on.
Telling Method
81
Project method, Problem solving method, Textbook method and so on.
Doing Method
82
Demonstration method, Supervised study method and so on.
Visual Method
83
Inductive, Deductive, Analysis, Synthesis method etc.
Mental Method
84
It is a procedure by which new knowledge fixed in the minds of students permanently. For this purpose, a teacher does extra activities in the class.
Technique
85
These activities help the teacher to take shift from one strategy to another. Thus, teaching tactics are that behavior of the teacher which he manifests in the class i.e., the developments of the teaching strategies , giving proper stimulus for timely responses, drilling the learn responses , increasing the responses by extra activities and so on.
Technique
86
encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives
Instructional Media
87
may include traditional materials such as chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides, overheads, real objects, and videotape or film, as well newer materials and methods such as computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and interactive video conferencing.
Instructional Media
88
Why use Instructional Media
A good aid is like a window, it should not call attention to itself, it should just let in the light. In general, you should use media whenever, in your best judgment, it can facilitate learning or increase understanding of your material.
Of course, communicating to facilitate learning can be a challenging process, often requiring creative efforts to achieve a variety of implicit instructional goals (University of Saskatchewan, n.d.).
89
Among the implicit goals that media can help achieve are the following:
Attracting attention
Developing interest
Adjusting the learning
Promoting acceptance of the idea
90
helps students visualize a lesson and transform abstract concepts into concrete, easier to remember concepts.
Instructional Media
91
Media is an excellent way to pose assessment questions for the class to answer or give students task to complete.
Instructional Media
92
Types of Instructional Media
```
Projected Media
Non-Projected Media
Audio Media
Motion Media
Hyper Media
Gaming Media
```
93
Instructional materials that require projection and electricity in their using process.
Projected Media
94
Give 3 examples of Projected Media
• Slides, filmstrips, and overheads.
95
Use to: Allow all students to view the same material at the same time. Offer the students other perspectives on the material.
Projected Media
96
Instructional materials that do not require the process of projection before its operation can take place.
Non-projected Media
97
Examples of Non-projected Media
Photographs, diagrams, and displays
98
Use to: Illustrate concepts ,Enhance direct instruction ,Encourage students to look at data in diverse ways
Non-projected Media
99
Examples of Audio Media
compact disks, cassettes
100
Use to: Allow students to hear other languages/dialects ,Allow auditory learners to review the lessons ,Encourage creativity through music.
Audio Media
101
Use to: Offer supplemental instruction, Experience concepts in a manner that is not available in “real life”.
Motion Media
102
Examples of Motion Media
Videos, computer mediated instruction, and television
103
Use to: Offer resources beyond the library, Develop computer and word processing skills ,Offer interactive learning.
Hyper Media
104
Examples of Hyper Media
Computer networks, software, and the Internet
105
Use to: Provide a playful environment for learning, Structure learning through rules, Motivating for tedious or repetitive content ,Uses problem solving skills.
Gaming Media
106
Examples of Gaming Media
Computer games
107
is a social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability and premature death through education-driven voluntary behavior change activities.
Health Education
108
is the development of individual, group, institutional, community and systemic strategies to improve health knowledge, attitudes, skills and behavior.
Health Education
109
Simply, it is the profession of educating people about health for attainment of positive health.
Health Education
110
Concept of Health:
The word health is derived from Hal, which mean “ ___( ___, ____), ___( ___, ___and _____), ___.” ___and _____describe health in terms of six interacting and dynamic dimensions- ____, ____, ____, ______, _____and _____.
```
hale (strong, healthy)
sound( body, family, and environment)
whole
Hanh and Payne
physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual and occupation
```
111
“Soundness of body or mind that condition in which its are duly and efficiently discharged.” (____Dictionary)
Health
| Oxford
112
____ has given a comprehensive definition of health in its preamble to _____in ____. According to WHO, “Health is a ____ __ _____ "
WHO
constiution in 1984
"Health is a state of complete"
113
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
1. Health promotion and disease prevention.
2. Early diagnosis and management.
3. Utilization of available health services.
114
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
```
Credibility
Interest
Participation
Motivation
Comprehension
Reinforcement
Learning by doing
Known to unknown:
Setting an example
Good human relations
Feedback
leaders
```
115
NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Inform people about health, illness, disability, and ways in which they can improve and protect their own health, including more efficient use of the delivery system;
Motivate people who want to change to more healthy practices;
Help them to learn the necessary skills to adopt and maintain healthful practices and lifestyles;
Foster teaching and communication skills in all those engaged in educating consumers about health;
Advocate change in the environment that facilitate healthful conditions and healthful behavior; and
Add to knowledge via research and evaluation concerning the most effective ways of achieving the above objectives.
