Introduction to the body

Question 1

What is the problem with cavities

Answer 1

THE BODY DOES NOT LIKE SPACES
This can lead to inflammation - pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis, meningitis
- INFECTION
- BLOOD LOSS

Question 2

What is skins function

Answer 2

Used for protection, heat regulation, sensory receptors for pain etc

Question 3

What do layers of fascia do

Answer 3

They separate the body into compartments

Question 4

Name the two kinds of sweat glands

Answer 4

Merocrine - acidic

Apocrine - alkaline

Question 5

What are the three layers of the skin

Answer 5

The epidermis
the dermis
hypodermis (subcontanoius tissue)

Question 6

What are the three layers of the trim-laminar disc

Answer 6

the ectoderm neural tube
the mesoderm splits to form cavities
the endoderm GI and reproductive

Question 7

What forms the bodies cavities

Answer 7

The folding and pinching of the trim-laminar disc in two directions cephalon and caudal

Question 8

what are the three main body cavities

Answer 8

heart (pericardium)
lungs (pleura)
gastro intestinal tracts (peritoneum)

Question 9

What is the difference between Parietal and visceral:

Answer 9

Structures invaginate into “balloons” of serous, slippery membranes, creating a visceral layer on the organ and a parietal layer against the wall of the cavity.

Question 10

Name 5 facts about the neuron

Answer 10

• Excitable nerves cells which transmit information as electrical signals or action potentials.
• The typical neauron has a cell body (soma) and a neurite(s) this is either a dentrite or an axon
• Axon is single, can be as long as 1m and is covered in myelin or schwann sheath (as the myelin sheath is formed from schwann cells (this insulates the neuron)
• Dendrites are multiple, thin, short extensions
• These are supported by glial cells known as neurolia

Question 11

What are the two parts of the skeleton

Answer 11

AXIAL skeleton– skull, vertebrae including sacrum (triangular bit near the base of your spine), ribs and sternum. And the appendicular skeleton PPENDICULAR – bones of the upper and lower limbs including the scapula and clavicle (pectoral girdle) and hip bone (pelvic girdle).

Question 12

What are langers lines and how are they used

Answer 12

Natural lines of tension
Incisions are better made parallel to the tension on the surface of our skin as it results in a less gaping wound, faster healing, and less scar tissue. These lines spiral longitudinally in the limbs and lie horizontally in the thorax and abdomen.

Question 13

What are somites

Answer 13

idges down the back of the embryo (humans = quadrupeds)

Question 14

how many pairs of nerves does the spinal cord have

Answer 14

33 pairs of nerves

Question 15

What is the parietal and visceral space lubricated by

Answer 15

serous fluid. (pleura, pericardium (Pericardium = fluid which lines the organs between visceral and parietal layers to allow lubrication), peritoneum)

Question 16

meninges

Answer 16

These are the layers protecting your spinal cord, they are collectively known as the meninges. Think meningitis as this is what this effects.

Question 17

Name the layers of the CNS

Answer 17

Dura Mater = extra-dural
Arachnoid mater = sub-dural
Pia Mater = sub-arachnoid
MAKES UP THE MENIGES

Question 18

What is located between arachoid and pia matter

Answer 18

cerebrospinal fluid which supports and nourishes the CNS supplies nutrients and provides a fluid barrier

Question 19

Name all the different kinds of spinal nerves and how many there are

Answer 19

This is composed of 33 pairs of spinal nerves.
-Numbered for vertebrae
-7 cervical (the neck) Therefore c1, c2
-12 Thoracic therefore t1, t2
-5 Lumbar (lower back) l1, l2
-5 Sacral (near the tail bone) S1, S2
-1 coccygeal (tailbone) C1, C2
With a total of 12 pairs of cranial nerves2

Question 20

Somatic NS

Answer 20

supplies skeletal muscle’s, skin, oral and nasal cavities

with sensory and motor nerves

Question 21

ANS: Autonomic NS: located in thoracic and upper lumber

Answer 21

• Controls the functions of smooth muscles, glands, internal organs and blood vessels
• Relays sensory information from these to CNS
• Can be divided into sympathetic (Fight or flights response, cell bodies are located at lateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord segments, located in thoracic and upper lumber) and parasympathetic (rest and digest response, cell bodies are at brain stem or S2-4 spinal cord segments, cells located in base of spinal cord and in the brainw2).