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Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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2
Q

What are the testes surrounded by

A

the tunica vaginalis and suspended in the scrotum to keep cool

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3
Q

Where does sperm pass through

A

from the tubules to the epididymis

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4
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

the site of the germination, maturation, and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes

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5
Q

Tell me about the skin of the scrotum

A
  • they suspend the testes outside the body
  • skin is rugose and contains dartos muscles
  • has a midline raphe and is divided by a septum
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6
Q

Tell me about the location and action of the ovary

A

ovaries lie on the lateral pelvic wall
-ovulation into the peritoneal cavity where they ovum is picked up by the fimbriated (finger-like projections) end of the tube of the uterine (Fallopian tube) tube

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7
Q

uterus

A

pear shaped, central pelvic organ for implantation of the fertilised ovum and growth of the foetus

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8
Q

tell me about the supportive uterine ligaments

A

fascial thickenings on the pelvic floor that pass from:

  • the uterus
  • cervix
  • sacrum
  • pubis
  • lateral pelvic walls
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9
Q

Gonads

A

produce seed cells for gametes

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10
Q

what do female gonads produce

A

oocytes by oogenesis

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11
Q

What do male gonads produce

A

sperm by spermatogenesis

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12
Q

What are the layers of the ovum

A

external layer = theca extern
internal layer = theca interna
layer after the internal = granulosa
centre = antrum

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13
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Connect the numerous thin tubes coming from the testes into one tube known as the epididymus

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14
Q

What are the 5 primary hormones in the HPG Axis

A
  • hypothalamic signally hormone
  • Pituitary hormones
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Luteinising hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
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15
Q

What hormones are released when the ovaries are targeted

A

progesterone and oestradiol

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16
Q

Which cells secrete TESTOSTERONE

A

Leydig cells

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17
Q

What types of hormones do the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen’s

progestins

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18
Q

What kind of feedback allows for precise regulation of function

A

multi-tiered endocrine axis feedback

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19
Q

What are the two main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control

A

preoptic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

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20
Q

GnRH

A

peptide hormone

  • produced as pro hormone
  • modified to active form
  • secreted into hypophyseal portal system
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21
Q

Tell me about the release of GnRH

A
  • requires less energy
  • does not desensitise target tissue receptors
  • Stress, other inputs influence secretion
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22
Q

How is GnRH delivered to the pituitary gland

A

via the hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes

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23
Q

What do gonadotrobes secrete

A

-FSH
-LH
these target gonads

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24
Q

What do oocytes contain

A

follicles in various stages of development:

  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • Graafian
  • Follicles
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25
What are endocrine ovaries primarily related to
- latter follicles - involvement of theca and granulosa These work co-operatively to synthesise and secrete oestradiol
26
Theca Cells
Superficial layer of follicle Have LH receptors Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone Produce androstenedione and testosterone
27
Granulosa
- Deep compared - Layer increases in size markedly during 1 and 2 follicle development - Have LH and FSH receptors - convert cholesterol into pregnenolone + activa aromatase
28
Whats the roles of Thecal cells
donate androstenedione to granulosa cells which cannot produce it because of a lack of key enzymes
29
oogonia
immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis. Increase in number at fatal stage
30
what happens at 20 weeks gestation
oogonia mature into oocytes which then decline until exhausted
31
What are the three main oestrogen's
oestradiol oestrone oestriol
32
What effect does oestrogen have on the bones
increase growth via osteoblasts
33
What effect does oestrogen have on the endocrine system
increase progesterone responses
34
What effect does oestrogen have on the liver
increase clotting factors increase in steroid-binding proteins decrease in total and LDL increase in HDL
35
Oestrogen's effects on the reproductive organs
Increase in uterine growth increase in vaginal and fallopian tub growth Increase in breast growth Increase in cervial mucas secretions Increase in LH receptors on granulosa cells
36
Tell me about the mid-cycle shift
- from negative to positive - caused by the up regulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased - Results in LH and FSH surge prior to ovulation
37
What are the four things the ovaries secrete
oestrogen's progestins inhibins activins
38
Tell me about progestins
- made of progesterone and 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone - produced in theca and granulosa cells - short half life of 5 mins in circulation - secretion regulated intrinsically by oestrogen
39
progestins effect on breast tissue
increase in lobular development and a decrease in milk production
40
progestins effect on reproductive organs
decrease in endometrial growth increase in endometrial secretions Mucosal secretions become thicker
41
Progestins effect on temperature
Increase in internal temperature
42
What makes up the menstrual cycle
Ovarian cycle + endometrial cycle
43
What are the two phases in the ovarian cycle
follicular phase = development of mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte the luteal phase
44
What happens In the luteal phase
dominated by the corpus luteum actions which secrete oestrogen and progesterone (this is needed for implantation and maintenance of any fertilised oocytes)
45
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation takes place
regresses and degenartes in 10-12 days
46
What is the three phases in the endometrial cycle
proliferation phase secretary phase Menstruation
47
What happens in the proliferation phase
endometrial growth mediated by increased oestrogen's - from 1-2mm to 8-10 mm thick -blood vessels and glands growth occur Ovulation marks the end of this phase
48
What happens in the secretory phase
Maturation of endometrium due to decreasing oestrogen's mucus glands more fully developed Glands and blood vessels increase surface area
49
What happens in the menstrual phase
if no conception, endometrial lining is replaced - vasoconstriction of spiral arteries - Local ishaemic injury - Inflammatory cell infiltration
50
How is breast tissue prepared for lactation
``` in puberty via gonadal hormones in pregnancy via: -oestrogens - progestins - hCG from foetus - Prolactin ```
51
What is milk production mediated by
PROLACTIN
52
What is milk let down mediated by
OXYTOCIN
53
Tell me about the testes
- leydig cells - blood vessels - seminiferous tubules (produce superman house Sertoli cells) - Testicular endocrine functions are in Leydig and Sertoli cells
54
What does LH stimulation cause in the testis
increase in production of testosterone is leydig cells
55
Migration of testosterone
- testosterone moves from the leydig cells to the Sertoli cells - this stimulates FSH - which activates aromatase - which forms more estradiol
56
role of estradiol
regulate protein synthesis in the nucleus of the Leydig cell
57
Stages of development in spermatogenesis
``` Spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermatozoa REGULATED BY TESTOSTERONE ```
58
Testosterone effect in Bone and muscle
increase in growth of bone and connective tissue
59
Testosterone effect on Skin
increase in sebaceous gland size and secretions
60
Testosterone effect on Reproductive organs
- increase in growth and development of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis - Increase in growth of fascial, axillary and pubic hair - Increase in growth of the larynx - increase in spermatogenesis
61
What are the two hormones produced by the testes
testosterone | inhibit

Y1S1 (71 decks)

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