Introduction to the Competency-Based Assessment Model Flashcards
DSM-5 definition of mental illness?
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.
What is Competency-Based Assessment Model?
framework for practice that focuses on client strengths, resilience and coping abilities, and identifying social environmental supports supported by… Biospychosocial framework Ecological perspective Strengths perspective Systems theory
Neurons are composed of:
dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, synapses
Messages are transmitted across neurons in the brain via?
the synaptic cleft, and synaptic vesicles
Better understood neurotransmitters are?
acetylcholine, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, GABA
The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in?
emotions, motivation, memory, and learning.
Limbic system is comprised of:
Thalamus, Cerebral cortex, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate cortex
The practitioner explores the nature of the client’s presenting problem looking to?
Reason for referral
Events leading up to the referral or other factors
Contributing conditions and problem components”
History, Duration, Frequency, Magnitude, Antecedents,
Consequences
And clarifies the client’s competencies
The practitioner also explores the client’s current life situation looking to:
- Intrapersonal (or personal) issues:
Cognitive functioning, Emotional functioning
Behavioral functioning, Physiologic functioning,
Mental status, Client roles, and role performance
Developmental considerations - Interpersonal family issues: marital/partner status and
Family structure - Interpersonal work and/or school issues
- Interpersonal issues with peers
Client’s context and social support networks are explored through?
1.Environmental characteristics: Environmental resources Potential supports Risks and vulnerabilities Obstacles Goodness of “fit” between client and the environment 2. Ethnic/cultural considerations: Cultural group Acculturation Prejudice or discrimination Economic injustice
Central nervous system includes:
brain and spinal cord and received, processes, interprets and stores information and sends information to the muscles, glands and organs.
Accetylchlorine (ACh)
neurotransmitter, was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered. It was isolated in 1921 by a German biologist named Otto Loewi, who would later win the Nobel Prize for his work. Acetylcholine has many functions: It is responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastro-intestinal system. It is also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system, and has a part in scheduling REM (dream) sleep.
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter. Plays a role in memory. Excess can result in overactivation and neuronal damage and cell death associated with stroke or head injury Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease.
Dopamine (DA)
Another relative of norepinephrine and epinephrine is dopamine, discovered to be a neurotransmitter in the 1950s by another Swede, Arvid Carlsson. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that when it finds its way to its receptor sites, it blocks the tendency of that neuron to fire.
Dopamine is strongly associated with reward mechanisms in the brain. Drugs like cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol increase the levels of dopamine, as does nicotine!
Serotonin (5-HT)
Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide. Too little also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping, which are also associated with depression and other emotional disorders. It has also been tied to migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia.
Gaba acid
In 1950, Eugene Roberts and J. Awapara discovered GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which is also usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA acts like a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety.
People with too little GABA tend to suffer from anxiety disorders, and drugs like Valium work by enhancing the effects of GABA. Lots of other drugs influence GABA receptors, including alcohol and barbituates. If GABA is lacking in some parts of the brain, epilepsy results.
Brief Mini Mental Exam
ambulatory clinic for situational or personality problem and none of the CME criteria apply; appearance, motor, behavioral, quality of speech, affect and and mood are assessed. Consciousness, orientation, attention, memory, competence are inferred from the process, abnormal thoughts not typical unless other clinical clues, slepe appetite, libido energy levels and insights are always assessed
Comprehensive Mental Exam
seen in ER, Crisis Clinic, nonpsychiatric ward for referral or psych admit, over 40; history of psych disorder, substance misuse, organic brain tissue deterioration or grasp has deteriorated. ; physical exam suggests brain dysfunction, forensic legal proceedings
Provisional Diagnosis
Not enough data to support formal diagnosis; generally used when a diagnosis is time dependent such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Other conditions that may need a clinical focus
Formally called “v” codes; may not be seen as mental disorders per se, but relavent to treatment or testing.
Subtypes
they further distinguish differences within a particular disorder. Specify if other known medical, genetic or environmental factors,
Neurotransmitters
are the chemicals which account for the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers to contract. And they and their close relatives are produced by some glands such as the pituitary and the adrenal glands. In this chapter, we will review some of the most significant neurotransmitters.
Norepinephrine
In 1946, a Swedish biologist by the name of Ulf von Euler discovered norepinephrine (formerly called noradrenalin). He also won a Nobel Prize. Norepinephrine is strongly associated with bringing our nervous systems into “high alert.” It is prevalent in the sympathetic nervous system, and it increases our heart rate and our blood pressure. Our adrenal glands release it into the blood stream, along with its close relative epinephrine (aka adrenalin). It is also important for forming memories.
Categories of Neurons
Sensory neurons are sensitive to various non-neural stimuli. There are sensory neurons in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs that indicate pressure, temperature, and pain. There are more specialized neurons in the nose and tongue that are sensitive to the molecular shapes we perceive as tastes and smells. Neurons in the inner ear provide us with information about sound. And the rods and cones of the retina allow us to see.2. Motor neurons are able to stimulate muscle cells throughout the body, including the muscles of the heart, diaphragm, intestines, bladder, and glands.3. Interneurons are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor neurons, as well as between themselves. The neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are all interneurons.
