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Medicine Lectures- Renal > Introduction to the Kidneys and Body Fluids > Flashcards

Introduction to the Kidneys and Body Fluids Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What 2 sub-compartments does the ECF contain?

A 
Plasma (3L)
Interstitial fluid (11L)
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2
Q

Which forces determine fluid and solute movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Starling forces

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3
Q

What must be kept the same in the ICF and ECF and why?

A

Osmolarity must be kept the same to avoid excess shifts of water between ECF and ICF

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4
Q

What differs between the ECF and ICF

A

Solute composition

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5
Q

What is the principal electrolyte of the ECF and therefore what does it determine?

A

Sodium is the principal electrolyte of the ECF and therefore it determines ECF osmolarity

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6
Q

Why is the control of body fluids important?

A

For cell structure and function

Tissue perfusion

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7
Q

What causes disruption to tissue structure and function?

A

Large shifts between the volume of ECF and ICF

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8
Q

What does tissue perfusion depend on?

A

The balance between circulating (plasma) volume and interstitial volume

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9
Q

What two key processes does the balance of salt and water depend on?

A

Osmoregulation and volume regulation

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10
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenance of osmotic equilibrium between the volume of ECF and ICF

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11
Q

What is volume regulation?

A

The maintenance of adequate ECF volume to support plasma volume

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12
Q

What can plasma osmolarity be estimated by and what is the typical value?

A

2[Na] + 2[K] + [glucose] + [urea]

Typically 288mOsm/L

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13
Q

Why does Na have a bigger impact on osmolarity than any other electrolyte?

A

As other electrolytes are present in much lower concentrations and can be neglected as a contributor to osmolarity

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14
Q

What are the two ways of changing the osmolarity of a solution?

A

Add/remove solute

Add/remove water

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15
Q

How does the body accomplish osmoregulation?

A

By adding/removing water, not sodium

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16
Q

What does it mean when plasma osmolarity rises and what happens as a response to this?

A

Means more water is needed

Kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine= water retention

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17
Q

What does it mean when plasma osmolarity falls and what happens as a response to this?

A

Means there is too much water in the body

Kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine= water excretion

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18
Q

What are changes in plasma volume detected by?

A

Stretch and pressure receptors in the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

What is a fall in blood volume opposed by and what happens as a result of this?

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A

Opposed by sodium retention

Causes water to follow osmotically and restores the volume

20
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

21
Q

What is a by-product of kidney function?

22
Q

What is the urinary tract important for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Temporary storage and removal of urine

23
Q

What are the other functions of the kidney?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Osmoregulation
  • Volume regulation
  • Acid-base balance
  • Regulation of electrolytes
  • Removal of metabolic waste from blood
  • Removal of foreign chemicals in bloof
  • Regulation of red blood cell production
24
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

25
What does the nephron consist of?
Special blood vessels and elaborate tubules
26
Where does urine production begin?
In the nephron
27
What major structures are found in each nephron?
Blood vessels, the golemrulus, Bowman's capsule and the renal tubule
28
Which artery supplies the kidney?
The renal artery
29
What supplies the nephron?
Subdivisions of the renal artery= the afferent arteriole
30
Which vein drains the kidneys?
The renal vein
31
What are the four basic processes of renal function?
- Glomerular filtration - Tubular reabsorption - Tubular secretion - Excretion of water and solutes in the urine
32
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute
33
What reduces the GFR?
Renal failure
34
What can be used as an index of GFR?
Plasma creatinine
35
What is the process of Glomerular filtration?
- Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the glomerular capillary membrane - Small molecules pass readily, larger molecules can't pass - Leads to a plasma ultra filtrate in the Bowman's capsule
36
What is the process of reabsorption?
Many substances are filtered and then reabsorbed from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries
37
What is secretion important for?
- Disposing of substances not already in the filtrate - Eliminating undesirable substances eg urea and uric acid - Ridding the body of excess K+ - Controlling blood pH
38
What is the equation for total body water balance?
Balance= input - output
39
What should the total body water balace be and why?
Should be 0, or otherwise there will be a change in osmolality
40
What is the result of water restriction?
- Plasma osmolality rises - Causes increased secretion of ADH - Results in decreased urine volume and increased urine osmolality
41
What is the result of an increase in water intake?
- Increase in water absorption through GIT - Plasma osmolality falls - Reduced secretion of ADH - Results in increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality
42
What is [Total body Na+] equal to?
Intake - elimination
43
How is Na+ lost from the body?
Sweat, diarrhoea and vomit
44
Which major hormone system is important in retaining sodium?
The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
45
Which major hormone system is important in eliminating sodium?
Cardiac natriuretic peptides (ANP)

Medicine Lectures- Renal (2 decks)

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