Introduction to the MSK System

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton:

Answer 1

bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of the lower limbs

Question 1

Axial skeleton:

Answer 1

bones of the skull, neck and trunk

Question 2

Upper limbs

Answer 2

1 long bone in arm - humerus

2 long bones in forearm - radius and ulna

Hand: carpal bones → metacarpals → phalanges

Question 3

Lower limbs

Answer 3

1 long bone in thigh - femur

2 long bones in leg - tibia and fibula

Foot: tarsal bones → metatarsals → phalanges

Question 4

Bony feature:

Answer 4

functional hole, bump or groove found on bone which develops during bone growth

Question 5

what happens when adjacent structures apply force to the bone

Answer 5

it moulds its shape or it causes the adjacent structure to develops at the same time as bone and the bone has to grow around the other structure - forms a foramen

Question 6

tuberosity:

Answer 6

rough area of bone where muscles attach e.g. ischial tuberosity

Question 7

what is bone

Answer 7

Hard, connective tissue

Question 8

what is cartilage

Answer 8

• Less rigid than bone
• Located where mobility is required - articulations

Question 9

what are the 3 types of joints

Answer 9

synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous

Question 10

the more mobile a joint…

Answer 10

the more easily it is dislocated

Question 11

what do joints have

Answer 11

an excellent sensory nerve supply

Question 12

describe fibrous joints

Answer 12

quite stable

limited mobility

(example = syndesmoses, sutures)

Question 13

describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 13

fairly limited mobility

relatively stable

(types = primary and secondary)

Question 14

describe synovial joints

Answer 14

2 or more bones articulating with each other

Question 15

what are the subtypes of joints

Answer 15

• ball & socket
• hinge
• plane

Question 16

decreasing mobility and increasing stability of joints =

Answer 16

synovial > cartilaginous > fibrous

Question 17

where is skeletal muscle usually found

Answer 17

deep to deep fascia

Question 18

how many points of attachment foes skeletal muscle have

Answer 18

usually 2 to the bone one - origin and insertion

Question 19

what happens during contraction regarding the skeletal muscle

Answer 19

the origin and insertion move closer together

and muscle fibres shorten along the long axis

Question 20

what does a tendon do?

Answer 20

attach muscle usually to a bone and don’t contract themselves

Question 21

what is aponeurosis

Answer 21

• Flattened tendon
• Most commonly associated with flat muscles
• Attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 22

where does the long head of a bicep brachia attach

Answer 22

it originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

Question 23

where does the short head of a bicep brachii attach

Answer 23

originates from the coracoid process of the scapula

Question 24

bicep brachii innervation:

Answer 24

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 25

bicep brachii actions:

Answer 25

supination of the forearm (spans proximal radioulnar joint anteriorly) and flexion of the shoulder and elbow joint (spans shoulder and elbow joint anteriorly)

Question 26

deltoid muscle attachments

Answer 26

 originates from the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion and the spine of the scapula, attaches to the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerus

Question 27

deltoid muscle innervation

Answer 27

axillary nerve

Question 28

Anterior fibres:

Answer 28

flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder

Question 29

Posterior fibres: 

Answer 29

extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder

Question 30

Middle fibres: 

Answer 30

the major abductor of the arm

Question 31

what are reflexes

Answer 31

protective and automatic

Question 32

what does testing reflexes do

Answer 32

tests the ability to move and power of movement - testing muscle and nerve(s) supplying it

Question 33

what are the 2 main skeletal muscle reflexes

Answer 33

stretch and flexion withdrawal

Question 34

describe the steps of the reflex arc

Answer 34

1. Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord 2. Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to contract 3. Neuromuscular junction - synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

Question 35

what are the deep tendon relaxes

Answer 35

Biceps jerk, triceps jerk, knee jerk and ankle jerk reflexes

Question 36

describe a flexion withdrawal reflex

Answer 36

- Touch something potentially damaging - Sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger

Question 37

Muscle strain: 

Answer 37

overstretched, torn or twisted muscle

Question 38

paralysis:

Answer 38

a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - can't contract - therefore muscle would have a reduced tone

Question 39

spasticity:

Answer 39

muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren't working

Question 40

atrophy:

Answer 40

'wasting’ of the muscles through inactivity, myocytes become smaller

Question 41

hypertrophy:

Answer 41

individual myocytes enlarge