Introduction to the Nervous System

Question 1

weight of human adult brain

Answer 1

1-1.5kg

Question 2

what type of cells support neuron axons

Answer 2

glia

Question 3

what makes up grey matter

Answer 3

cell bodies

Question 4

what makes up white matter

Answer 4

myelinated axons

Question 5

what type of cell is a oligodendrocyte

Answer 5

glial cell

Question 6

what accounts for individual variation between people

Answer 6

the way neurons connect/where synapses are formed

Question 7

where is the ventral, dorsal, rostral and caudal aspects of the spinal cord

Answer 7

rostral - closest to brain
caudal - furthest from brain
ventral - anterior
dorsal - posterior

Question 8

where is the diencephalon

Answer 8

superior to the brain stem

Question 9

what is a gyrus and what is gyrification

Answer 9

ridge on brain
process of making gyrus

Question 10

where does all conscious activity take place

Answer 10

in cerebral hemispheres

Question 11

where is the great longitudinal fissure

Answer 11

separates right and left hemispheres

Question 12

what makes up the corpus callosum

Answer 12

bundle of white matetr

Question 13

what fissure defines the temporal lobe boundary

Answer 13

lateral fissure superior to temporal lobe

Question 14

what grooves defines the frontal lobe boundary

Answer 14

central sulcus posterior to frontal lobe
lateral fissure inferior to frontal lobe

Question 15

what lobes does the central sulcus divide

Answer 15

frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 16

function of prefrontal lobe

Answer 16

planning complex movements
thinking

Question 17

function of frontal lobe

Answer 17

motor - premotor and primary motor areas

Question 18

what lobe is the somatosensory area found

Answer 18

parietal

Question 19

what is the funciton of broca’s area

Answer 19

motor speech

Question 20

what is the function of wenickes area

Answer 20

sensory speech

Question 21

brodmann’s area number for primary motor

Answer 21

4

Question 22

brodmann’s area number for primary somatosensory area

Answer 22

1,2,3

Question 23

brodmann’s area number for primary visual area

Answer 23

17

Question 24

brodmann’s area number for Broca’s area

Answer 24

44, 45

Question 25

brodmann's area number for primary auditory area

Answer 25

41,42

Question 26

what are association fibres

Answer 26

connect within the same hemisphere

Question 27

what are commissural fibres

Answer 27

connections between hemispheres

Question 28

what are projection fibres

Answer 28

connect cortex to sub-cortical areas

Question 29

4 parts of diencephalon

Answer 29

epithalamus thalamus subthalamus hypothalamus

Question 30

epithalamus aka

Answer 30

pineal gland

Question 31

function of epithalamus

Answer 31

regulation of sleep

Question 32

function of thalamsu

Answer 32

sorting centre

Question 33

is the thalamus one or two structurs

Answer 33

one but has r and l half

Question 34

parts of brain stem superior to inferior

Answer 34

midbrain pons medulla

Question 35

what emerges from brain stem

Answer 35

10 of 12 cranial nerves

Question 36

where does the cerebellum attach to the rest of the brain

Answer 36

to brain stem and not cerebrum by the superior, middle and inferior peduncles

Question 37

function of cerebellum

Answer 37

coodinating movement

Question 38

what structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 38

vermis

Question 39

what feature is seen on the surface of the cerebellum

Answer 39

grooves known as folia

Question 40

what are the peduncles of the cerebellum made of

Answer 40

white matter

Question 41

def. of fasciculus

Answer 41

a group of axons

Question 42

def. of lamina

Answer 42

a thin layer

Question 43

def. of tract

Answer 43

a group of axons having a similar origin/destination

Question 44

where are the spinal cord enlargements and why are they there

Answer 44

cervical and lumbar regions for limbs

Question 45

where does the spinal cord terminate

Answer 45

L1/2

Question 46

does the meninges stop at the same level as the spinal cord

Answer 46

no continues past end of spinal cord

Question 47

what is conus medularis

Answer 47

cone shaped portion at the distal end of the spinal cord

Question 48

what keeps the distal spinal cord in place

Answer 48

filum terminale - fibrous cord tethered to coccyx

Question 49

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

Answer 49

31

Question 50

where is a lumbar puncture performed

Answer 50

in region of spinal cord meniges below the conus meduallaris

Question 51

how many of each type of spinal nerves are there

Answer 51

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 52

is grey matter inside or outside of spinal cord

Answer 52

inside

Question 53

how does the proportion of white to grey matter change and the spinal cord goes from cervical to sacral

Answer 53

proportion of white matter decreases

Question 54

where does sensory information enter the spinal cord

Answer 54

dorsal horn

Question 55

where does motor information leave the spinal cord

Answer 55

ventral horn

Question 56

how can you tell the orientation of a cross section of spinal cord

Answer 56

dorsal horn grey matter reaches right to edges - not the case in ventral

Question 57

what kind of information is carried in spinal nerves

Answer 57

mixed - sensory and motor

Question 58

what is a slipped disc

Answer 58

herneation of nucleus polposus (centre of intervertebral disc) through annulus fibrosis (outer layer of intervertebral disc) which puts pressure on spinal cord

Question 59

what are the layers of the meninges from closest to brain/spinal cord to furthest

Answer 59

pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater

Question 60

what is the name for inflammation of meninges

Answer 60

menigitis

Question 61

charcateristic of dura

Answer 61

rubbery

Question 62

characteristic of arachnoid mater

Answer 62

thinner than dura finger like projections

Question 63

what fills the great longitudinal fissure

Answer 63

a fold of dura called the falx cerebri

Question 64

what separates the oxipital lobe from the cerebellum

Answer 64

the terntoium cerebelli

Question 65

where is the extradural space

Answer 65

between dura and verterbrae

Question 66

why does the brain need such a rich blood supply

Answer 66

it cannot store energy so needs continuous supply to avoid cell death

Question 67

which major blood vessels supply the brain

Answer 67

internal carotid verterbral

Question 68

draw a diagram of the circle of wilis

Question 69

what are the cerebral arteries from the circle of willis

Answer 69

anterior middle posterior

Question 70

what are the cerebellar arteries from the circle of willis

Answer 70

superior anterior inferior posterior inferior

Question 71

learn which regions of the brain are supplied by what artery

Question 72

where does the venous drainage of the brain go

Answer 72

drains into internal jugular vein from multiple venous sinuses

Question 73

how does blood get to the spinal cord

Answer 73

travel from heart to brain then goes down anterior spinal artery to spinal cord there's also a posterior spinal artery

Question 74

what artery leaves the spinal cord with the spinal nerve

Answer 74

radicular artery

Question 75

what are the names of the ventricles of the brian

Answer 75

lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle

Question 76

what fills the ventricles

Answer 76

CSF

Question 77

what is the pathway of the CSF through the ventricles

Answer 77

lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → 3rd ventricle → 4th ventricle → lateral apertures → subarachnoid space