Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
EFFECT: Dose
A
AFFECT: CNS
2
Q
EFFECT: Duration of Exposure
A
AFFECT: Liver & Kidneys
3
Q
EFFECT: Vulnerability of individuals
A
AFFECT: Reproductive System
4
Q
“safe“ chemical exposure limits for workers
A
Permissible Exposure Limits
5
Q
deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace.
A
Occupational Toxicology
6
Q
deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.
A
Environmental toxicology
7
Q
ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or
setting
A
Hazard
8
Q
expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an undesirable effect
arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
A
Risk
9
Q
what are the Routes of Exposure
A
Industrial: Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral
10
Q
An exposure to a toxic substance that is
absorbed by the target human or animal
results in a _____
A
Dose
11
Q
single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time
A
Acute Exposure
12
Q
single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time
A
Chronic Exposure
13
Q
__________ exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate.
A
Poorly degraded chemicals (by abiotic or biotic pathways)
14
Q
Methyl mercury discharges –>
A
neurotoxic
15
Q
Lipophilic substances:
A
organochlorine pesticides
16
Q
bioaccumulate in body fat –>
A
endocrine disruption, neurological disorders, and carcinogenesis
17
Q
_____ concentrates the chemical in organisms
A
Biomagnification, higher on the food chain
18
Q
Colorless, tasteless, odorless and nonirritating gas
A
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
19
Q
Byproduct of incomplete combustion
A
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
20
Q
Has teratogenic potential
A
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
21
Q
acquired through gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke
A
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
22
Q
CO combines tightly but
reversibly with the oxygen
binding site of _____, resulting in ______
A
hemoglobin (Hb), Carboxyhemoglobin
23
Q
CO affinity
A
220x oxygen
24
Q
most affected organs by CO poisoning
A
Organs with the highest
oxygen demand (Brain,
Heart and Kidneys)
25
Symptoms of hypoxia
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
26
Psychomotor impairment
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
27
Headache and tightness in the temporal area
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
28
Confusion and loss of visual acuity
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
29
Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
30
specific antagonist for CO
oxygen
31
Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
32
____ concentrations of oxygen for a ___ amount of time only
high, short
33
Treatment for CO poisoning
Hypothermic therapy
34
Colorless irritant gas
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
35
Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuel
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
36
eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex
bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
37
May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
38
Delayed onset pulmonary edema
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
39
Treatment for SO2
Treatment is supportive, non specific
40
high solubility of SO2 in ______
moist membranes forms sulfurous acid.
41
severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
42
90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the ____, causing ____
Upper Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma
43
Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
44
Farmers exposed to fresh silage, Miners exposed to diesel equipment, automobile and truck traffic emissions
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
45
Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
46
Inhalation to this gas damages the lung infrastructure that produces the ____ necessary to allow smooth and low effort lung alveolar
expansion
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2), surfactant
47
Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production , dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles
acute effects of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
48
Emphysematous changes
chronic effects of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
49
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) treatment
Supportive, non specific
50
Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere
Ozone (O3)
51
caused by Burning of fossil fuel
Ozone (O3)
52
Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles
and other sources of high heat compounds
Ozone (O3)
53
Irritant of mucous membranes
Ozone (O3)
54
Formation of reactive free radicals
Ozone (O3)
55
Ozone produces _____ irritation to ____ irritation with ____
upper respiratory tract, deep lung, pulmonary edema
56
Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance is an effect of ____
Ozone (O3)
57
Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to
visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS
acute effects of Ozone (O3)
58
Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis,
Emphysema
chronic effects of Ozone (O3)
59
Ozone (O3) treatment
Supportive, non specific
60
found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
61
Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1 trichloroethane
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
62
some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer
Human Carcinogens
63
CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury,
cardiotoxicity, arrythmia are effects of _____
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
64
Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy are effects of ____
Chronic exposure to Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
65
component of gasoline
Benzene
66
CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria,
Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache
acute effects of Benzene
67
Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic Anemia,
Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia…)
chronic effects of Benzene
68
targets of benzene
Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells
69
it is known as a Potent Clastogen
Benzene
70
known as Methylbenzene
Toluene
71
found in paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives
Toluene
72
True or False : Toluene has myelotoxic properties
false, it has No myelotoxic properties
73
CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic
Toluene
74
Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia
Toluene
75
known as a dimethylbenzene
Xylene
76
Colorless, sweet smelling agent
Xylene
77
Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations
Xylene
78
True or False : Xylene has no myelotoxic properties
true
79
Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents
Organochlorine Pesticides
80
4 classes of Organochlorine Pesticides
* DDT ( chlorphenothane ) and
* Benzenehexachlorides
* Cyclodienes
* Toxaphenes
81
Known endocrine disruptors in humans and animals
Organochlorine Pesticides
82
domestic mosquito elimination in malaria
infested regions of Africa
DDT
83
MOA of ____: interfere with inactivation of the _____ in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons; _____ is inhibited
Organochlorine Pesticides; sodium channel; calcium ion transport
84
In DDT, ____ is the first manifestation
Tremor
85
Used against large variety of pests
Organophosphorus Pesticides
86
acquired through Either via direct contact or via plant systemics
Organophosphorus Pesticides
87
Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman and tabun
Organophosphorus Pesticides
88
Absorbed via the skin, respiratory and GI tract
Organophosphorus Pesticides
89
MOA: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through phosphorylation of the esteratic state
Organophosphorus Pesticides
90
M U D D L E S:
miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis,
lacrimation, excitation of the central nervous system, and salivation
91
If Organophosphorus Pesticides is not reversed, patients will develop ____
neuromuscular transmission failure cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death
92
Specific treatment and useful antagonists of Organophosphorus Pesticides
physostigmine, pralidoxime
93
Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
94
Used for insulation, fire retardancy
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
95
Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with reproductive and teratogenic effects on animal studies
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
96
Coolant materials in air conditioning systems
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
97
Used as oxygen carrying materials in clinical studies
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
98
Used as heat --, stain --, and stick resistant coatings for cookware, fabrics and other materials ( i.e. Teflon)
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
99
Human half life of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
3 years
100
Long term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
101
Associated with proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian,prostate and Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
102
Associated with cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
103
causes Polymer Fume Fever
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
104
Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal
action
Endocrine Disruptors
105
Estrogen like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions
Endocrine Disruptors
106
Includes plant constituents like phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens
Endocrine Disruptors
107
Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants
Endocrine Disruptors
108
Causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases, lung cancer, mesothelioma
Asbestos
109
Synergistic effect with cigarette smoking and exposure to radon daughters
Asbestos
110
Light alkaline metal
Beryllium (Be)
111
Used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment; devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones
and heat shield tiles in space vehicles
Beryllium (Be)
112
route of Beryllium
inhalation
113
what class of human carcinogen is beryllium
class 1
114
Characterized by progressive
pulmonary fibrosis
Beryllium (Be)
115
what kind of metal is Cadmium (Cd)
transition metal
116
Found in pigments, low melting point eutectic materials; insolder; in television phosphors; and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics
Cadmium (Cd)
117
route of Cadmium (Cd)
Inhalation and ingestion
118
Chronic exposure to Cadmium (Cd) may lead to ___
progressive pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure
119
what class of human carcinogen is cadmium
class 1
120
Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between 1 to 100 nm in size
Nanomaterials
121
Gold, silver, cadmium, ceramic, aluminum oxide nanowears , carbon, silicon, and germanium nanotubes, zinc oxide nanocrystal, gold nanowafers, and copper oxide nanocubes
Nanomaterials
122
routes of exposure of nanomaterials
Inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral
123
kidney toxicity
Silica
124
hepatocellular damage
Zinc oxide
125
cytotoxic in humans
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
126
toxic to lungs and other organs
Titanium dioxide
