INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS

Question 1

Wrote a book in uroscopy

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

evidence of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics depicting urinalysis

Answer 2

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Question 3

When was color charts developed. 20 different colors of urine and their significance.

Answer 3

1140 C.E.

Question 4

Wrote a book called “Fasciculus Medicinae” in 1491. 1st illustrated medical book printed which depicted urine wheel.

Answer 4

Johannes de Ketham

Question 5

Discovered albuminuria (presence of protein albumin in the urine) by boiling his own urine in 1694

Answer 5

Frederik Dekkers

Question 6

No medical credentials Pisse prophets

Answer 6

Charlatans

Question 7

Published the satirical book “The Pisse Prophet” or “Certain Pisse-Pot Lectures” in 1627 which exposes the fraudulent use of uroscopy by the Charlatans. His book led to the passing of the first medical licensure laws in England.

Answer 7

Thomas Bryant/Thomas Brian

Question 8

Invented the microscope in the late 16th century that led to the examination of urinary sediment or microscopic examination of urine

Answer 8

Zacharias-Hans Janssen

Question 9

Development of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment

Answer 9

Thomas Addis.
ADDIS COUNT - blood cell count in from urine specimen (12hr)

Question 10

2 Urine Sterile Specimen

Answer 10

Suprapubic aspirate
Catheterized

Question 11

Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.

1827- urinalysis became routine test.

Answer 11

Richard Bright

Question 12

Urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations due to the growing number and complexity of tests (not until modern testing techniques rescued routine urinalysis).

Answer 12

1930s

Question 13

Test for glucose in urine

Answer 13

ANT TESTING/ TASTE TEST

Question 14

Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen

Answer 14

1. A urine specimen is readily available and easily collected
2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.

Question 15

Hereditary Disease

Answer 15

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMS)

Question 16

CLSI

Answer 16

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Question 17

CLSI defines urinalysis as

Answer 17

the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.

Question 18

The kidney continuously forms ___ as an ultrafiltrate of plasma

Answer 18

urine

Question 19

Urine consists of ___ and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water.

a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.

Answer 19

urea

Question 20

Urine is normally ___% water and ___% solutes.

Answer 20

95, 5

Question 21

Other organic substances include primarily________________________

Answer 21

creatinine and uric acid.

Question 22

The major inorganic solid dissolved in urine is ____, followed by sodium and potassium.

Answer 22

chloride

Question 23

The urine may also contain formed elements, such as ____. Increased amount of these formed elements are often indicative of disease.

Answer 23

cells, casts, crystals, mucus, and bacteria.

Question 24

_____, _____, sodium, and chloride are significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids.

Answer 24

Creatinine, urea

Question 25

_____ and _____ are not present in a normal urine specimen.

Answer 25

Protein and glucose

Question 26

Normal daily urine output is usually ____ to ____ mL. A range of 600 to 2000 mL is considered normal.

Answer 26

1200 to 1500

Question 27

A decrease in urine output (less than 1 mL/kg/hr in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children, and less than 400 mL/day in adults) seen commonly when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, dairrhea, perspiration, or severe burns.

Answer 27

Oliguria

Question 28

True or False: The kidneys excrete two to three times more urine during the night than during the day

Answer 28

False

Question 29

An increase in the nocturnal excretion is termed. (>500 mL/night). SG: 1.018

Answer 29

Nocturia

Question 30

An increase a daily urine volume (greater than 2.5 L/day in adults and 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children) often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; however, it may be induced artificially by diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol, all of which suppress the secretion of ADH. Increase glucose and urine SPG

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

Invasive method for urine collection

Answer 31

Suprapubic aspirate and Catheterized collection

Question 32

Urine processed within ____ hrs upon collected

Answer 32

2hr

Question 33

>2hrs of urine specimen sample should be subjected to ____

Answer 33

preservation

Question 34

BOARD: How much inorganic compounds/components of urine Total Dissolved Solids: Organic= 35g

Answer 34

25g.

Question 35

Most abundant/Major organic molecule

Answer 35

Urea. 35g

Question 36

Second most abundant

Answer 36

Creatinine. 1.5g

Question 37

To Identify if urine:

Answer 37

Increased urea and creatinine

Question 38

Principal salt in the urine

Answer 38

NaCl

Question 39

Proteins in the urine due to prolonged standing

Answer 39

Orthostatic proteinuria

Question 40

hormones that affects urine composition

Answer 40

ADH/AVP (Arginine Vasopressin): Increase water reabsorption (concentrated urine sample) and Aldosterone: Increase sodium reabsorption/retention (diluted urine concentration)

Question 41

Diuresis

Answer 41

process of increasing urine output

Question 42

Micturition/Urination

Answer 42

Urinating

Question 43

reflects an individual's state of hydration

Answer 43

Urine volume

Question 44

Complete cessation/stoppage of urine flow. (Less than 100 mL/24hrs or Less than 100 mL/min)

Answer 44

Anuria

Question 45

BOARDS: 1 mL of urine sample

Answer 45

Anuria

Question 46

Increase ingestion of water

Answer 46

polydipsia

Question 47

Excessive hunger. Unused glucose

Answer 47

polyphagia

Question 48

A color chart of ___ were transcribed for comparison of urine color

Answer 48

20

Question 49

(H) TYPE OF URINALYSIS: commonly performed in screening laboratory, physician offices, patient home testing

Answer 49

Dipstick urinalysis (Reagent strips)

Question 50

(B) TYPE OF URINALYSIS: provides a real-time "snapshot" of a person's urinary tract and metabolic status. Most commonly performed U/A

Answer 50

Basic urinalysis (Routine)

Question 51

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Most routinely encountered urine sample. For routine and qualitative UA. Not reliable due to its diurnal variation, physical activity, and dietary intake.

Answer 51

Random urine specimen

Question 52

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Most ideal for urine sample for routine and pregnancy testing Most concentrated and most acidic Best for cast and crystal retrieval

Answer 52

First Morning Urine/ 8hrs spx

Question 53

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: 2nd voided urine after the first morning urine. For glucose determination.

Answer 53

Fasting Urine/Second Morning urine sample

Question 54

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Diabetic monitoring (insulin therapy) Specimen collection after a routine meal and 2 hours after Comprehensive result is compared to FBS and Fasting urine

Answer 54

2 hours Post Prandial urine specimen

Question 55

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Collected together with blood GTT Number of spx to be collected depends on the number of GTT's (also tested for ketones)

Answer 55

Glucose Tolerance Urine Specimen

Question 56

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Contains least amount of normal flora contaminants from the distal urethra and external genitalia. Alternative to catheterized spx. For routine and CS/GS Make use of antiseptic towelletes

Answer 56

Midstream Clean-Catch Urine Specimen

Question 57

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: More preferred than midstream catch for urine culture. Passage of hollow tubing through the urethra into the bladder.

Answer 57

Catheterized Urine Specimen

Question 58

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Aspiration directly from the bladder For urine culture and cytologic examinations Uses 1% lidocaine as anesthesia Needle: 22 gauge or 23 gauge

Answer 58

Suprapubic Aspirate

Question 59

TYPES OF SPECIMENS: Difficult to obtain Make use of a soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to the genitalia for spx collection Spx may also be obtained by catheterization/aspiration

Answer 59

Pediatric Specimen

Question 60

Most common IEMS in the Philippines

Answer 60

Maple Syrup Urine Disorder (MSUD) Smell: Burnt Sugar Odor/ Caramel

Question 61

specimen sample for Newborn Screening

Answer 61

Dried blood spot

Question 62

Test for Newborn Screening for diagnosis of IEMS

Answer 62

Gastromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) Spx: Urine and/or dried blood spot

Question 63

Indicative of early renal damage. Shows little amounts of albumin in the urine. (does not detected via reagent strip)

Answer 63

Microalbuminuria

Question 64

Test used to detect Microalbuminuria

Answer 64

Micral test

Question 65

determines the level of substance in the urine (e.g. electrolytes, hormones, proteins, porphyrins etc.) FOR CONFIRMATORY TEST 12hr/24h urine (BUT PREFERRABLY 24HR)

Answer 65

Quantitative Urine Assay

Question 66

detects the presence or increased amount of a substance (E.g. Rapid pregnancy test, test to detect microbial DNA and RNA) chlamydia and trichomonas FOR SCREENING TEST

Answer 66

Qualitative Urine Assay

Question 67

Urine from the Latin word

Answer 67

Urina

Question 68

An ultrafiltrate of the plasma

Answer 68

Urine

Question 69

A "fluid biopsy" of the kidneys (Brunzel)

Answer 69

Urine

Question 70

A waste material that is secreted by the kidneys

Answer 70

Urine

Question 71

Protein in the urine due to prolong standing

Answer 71

Erthostatic proteinuria

Question 72

2 hormones that affects urine composition

Answer 72

ADH/AVP Aldosterone

Question 73

Process of increasing urinary excretion which leads to polyuria

Answer 73

Diuresis

Question 74

Process of urinating

Answer 74

Micturition/ Urination

Question 75

Increases sodium retention/ absorption

Answer 75

Aldosterone

Question 76

Concentration of solute per kilogram of solvent

Answer 76

Osmolality

Question 77

solvent in the urine

Answer 77

water

Question 78

Major factors that affect urine composition

Answer 78

Dietary intake Metabolism Endocrine System

Question 79

HOT WEATHER: urine volume _____

Answer 79

decreases

Question 80

COLD WEATHER: urine volume _____

Answer 80

increases

Question 81

Indicative of severe renal damage, acute kidney injury (crush injuries), obstruction

Answer 81

Anuria

Question 82

Kidney stones.

Answer 82

Lithiases

Question 83

Increase glucose levels in the blood. Accompanied by Polyuria, Polydipsia and Polyphagia. Comes from the word "mellitein" meaning sweet tasting.

Answer 83

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 84

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE: No or low receptors of insulin in the tissue cells.

Answer 84

Type 2

Question 85

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE: No or low insulin.

Answer 85

Type 1

Question 86

Renal Glucose Threshold

Answer 86

160-180 mg/dL or >180 mg/dL

Question 87

True dilution of urine. Accompanied by Polydipsia and Polyuria. Low SPG Negative urine glucose Comes from the word "insipid" meaning tasteless

Answer 87

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 88

DIABETES INSIPIDUS TYPE: No or low production of ADH

Answer 88

Neurogenic

Question 89

DIABETES INSIPIDUS TYPE: ADH tolerance. Decrease or no receptors in kidneys' collecting ducts.

Answer 89

Nephrogenic

Question 90

Disadvantages of Refrigeration of Urine

Answer 90

Precipitation of amorphous urates causes turbid pink urine (uroerythrin) Decrease specific gravity

Question 91

Remedy for turbid urine due to amorphous urates

Answer 91

Heat 40-60 degrees

Question 92

CHANGES IN AN UNPRESERVED URINE SPECIMEN INCREASES (5)

Answer 92

PBaCON pH Bacteria Odor Nitrite Color

Question 93

CHANGES IN AN UNPRESERVED URINE SPECIMEN DECREASES (6)

Answer 93

Clarity Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen Cell and Casts