INTRODUCTION TO VACCINATION AND ESSAY ASSIGNMENT

Question 1

What are the negative effects from the immune system (2)?

Answer 1

• Discomfort (inflammation)
• Damage to self (autoimmunity)

Question 2

What are the two major elements of the immune system (2)?

Answer 2

1. Innate immune system
2. Adaptive immune system

Question 3

What is innate immunity (4)?

Answer 3

• Noninducible ability to recognise and destroy any individual pathogen or its products
• Does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products
• Involves recognition of common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens
• MEdiated by phagocytes

Question 4

What is adaptive immunity (3)?

Answer 4

• Acquired ability to recognise and destroy a particular pathogen or its products
• Dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products
• Directed toward the antigen

Question 5

List 4 innate defence mechanisms?

Answer 5

1. Anatomic resisting barriers e.g. skin and mucous
2. Physiological barriers
3. Phagocytosis
4. Inflammatory defensive barriers e.g vasodilation, increase in capillary permeability, influx of phagocytes

Question 6

What is clonal selection (4)?

Answer 6

• Immune system encounters an antigen for the second time
• The memory lymphocytes recognize it
• The antigen’s complementary B cell is selected from the pre-existing cell pool of B cells (memory cell)
• The B cell is cloned = this result in a faster selection of and replication - SECONDARY RESPONSE

Question 7

How can different classes of antibiotics be distinguished from each other?

Answer 7

By their amino acid sequence

Question 8

Where are IgM and IgG antibodies found

Answer 8

In the blood

Question 9

Where are IgA antibodies found?

Answer 9

In secretions from mucous membranes

Question 10

What are IgE antibodies involved in?

Answer 10

Parasite immunity and allergies

Question 11

Where are IgD found?

Answer 11

Surface of B cell

Question 12

What is Artificial Active Immunity?

Answer 12

Exposure to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies (VACCINATION)

Question 13

What is Artificial Passive Immunity?

Answer 13

Injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual

Question 14

What is Natural Active Immunity?

Answer 14

By acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response (becoming sick)

Question 15

What is Natural Passive Immunity?

Answer 15

Through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk

Question 16

What is the advantages of a live attenuated vaccine (4)?

Answer 16

1. Fewer doses required
2. Adjuvants not needed
3. Lower hypersensitivity
4. Lower cost

Question 17

What is the disadvantages of a live attenuated vaccine (3)?

Answer 17

1. Reversion
2. Possibly infectious
3. Cold chain required

Question 18

What is the advantages of an inactivated vaccine (4)?

Answer 18

1. More stable
2. No reversion
3. Not infectious
4. Less immunogenic

Question 19

What is the disadvantages of an inactivated vaccine (3)?

Answer 19

1. More doses required
2. Adjuvants needed
3. Higher cost

Question 20

What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 20

Sabin polio vaccine (OPV)

Question 21

What are some examples of an inactivated vaccine? (2)

Answer 21

1. Salk polio vaccine (IPV)
2. Acellular pertussis