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PHAR20400 > TRAVEL VACCINATIONS & MALARIA > Flashcards

TRAVEL VACCINATIONS & MALARIA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the recommended travel vaccines? (8)

A
  • Cholera
  • Hepatitis A
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Meningococcal disease
  • Rabies
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Typhoid fever
  • Yellow fever
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2
Q

What pathogen causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae bacteriuma

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3
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

Contaminated food/ waste/ faeces

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4
Q

Describe cholera bacterium vaccine type and regimen?

A

Killed cell vaccine, administered orally 2 doses required within 6 weeks

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5
Q

What is a side effect of cholera vaccine?

A

GI disturbances (cramps etc.)

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6
Q

If cholera is left untreated, what can result?

A

Death after vomiting and diarrhoea

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7
Q

What does hepatitis A cause?

A

Liver infection

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8
Q

What pathogen causes Hepatitis A?

A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

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9
Q

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route

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10
Q

Describe Hepatitis A vaccine type and regimen? (2)

A
  • Inactivated virus, taken intramuscularly
  • Immunoglobulin vaccine (injected antibodies, so short term)
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11
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?

A

2 to 4 weeks

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12
Q

How long does it take to achieve protection against Hepatitis A?

A

2 to 4 weeks

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13
Q

What pathogen causes Japanese encephalitis?

A

Japanese encephalitis virus

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14
Q

How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted?

A

Through a vector (daytime -biting mosquitos - found mainly in Asia)

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15
Q

Describe Japanese encephalitis vaccine type and regimen?

A
  • Inactivated alum-adjuvant , given IM (2 doses 28 days apart)
  • alum is not immunogenic but it increases immune response.
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16
Q

What pathogen causes Meningococcal disease and how is it transmitted?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis bacteria
  • Transmission by respiratory droplets
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17
Q

What are meningococcal diseases?

A

Infection of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

Describe the meningococcal vaccine and the distribution of meningococcal disease?

A
  • Given 2-3 weeks before travel in a single vaccine
  • Capsular polysaccharides conjugated to proteins
  • Different capsular serotypes more prevalent in different parts of the world (=different vaccines)
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19
Q

Where are high-risks places for Meningococcal disease?

A

Enclosed crowded places African meningitis belt Saudi Arabia (especially during Hajj or Umrah)

20
Q

What organs are affected by the rabies virus?

A

Brain and nervous system (results in death)

21
Q

Describe the rabies vaccine and describe its dosage regimen?

A
  • Inactivated I.M vaccine
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (3 doses) and post-exposure prophylaxis given
    • fertilised hen egg used to grow viruses for vaccination
22
Q

What pathogen causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and how is it transmitted?

A

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus Through being bitten by an infected tick (zoonotic)

23
Q

Describe the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine and describe its dosage regimen?

A
  • Inactivated vaccine (IM)
  • 3 separate doses
24
Q

Who is contraindicated for tick-borne encephalitis vaccine?

A

Contraindicated if severe hypersensitivity to egg protein, and other excipients such as neomycin and gentamycin

25
Q

What happens when typhoid fever is left untreated?

A

Can cause internal bleeding and perforation of the digestive tract or bowel

26
Q

What pathogen causes Typhoid fever and how is it transmitted?

A

Salmonella typi (bacteria + invasive) Transmitted by contaminated food/ water

27
Q

Describe the Typhoid fever vaccine?

A

Two forms

  • Live attenuated vaccine given as an EC capsule
  • I/M injection of conjugated polysaccharide
28
Q

When giving the typhoid vaccine, what should you not have at the same time?

A
  • Antibacterials (avoid 3 days before and after the vaccine)
  • Antimalarials (wait 3 days after vaccine before taking 1st dose)
  • Because, the typhoid vaccine will be inactivated
29
Q

What pathogen causes Yellow Fever?

A

Arbovirus

30
Q

How is Yellow Fever transmitted?

A

Via mosquitoes

31
Q

Describe the Yellow Fever vaccine and who cautioned against its use?

A
  • Live, attenuated I.M (vector)
  • Individuals who have had a previous anaphylactic reaction to egg
  • AVOID with patients with immunosuppression
32
Q

What are the phases of Yellow Fever?

A
  • Phase 1 (3-6 days) - fever, muscle pain and headache (15% die)
  • Phase 2 - jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, and haemorrhage (60% die)
33
Q

How many species of parasite can cause malaria AND which malarial parasites are most harmful to humans?

A
  • 5
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
34
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Via vector - by female Anopheles mosquitoes

35
Q

Which organ do malarial parasites first infect and what do they then move onto?

A
  • Liver (hepatocytes)
  • Red blood cells
36
Q

Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite (6)

A
  • Mosquitoes injects sporozoites via bite
  • Sporozoeites enter liver and infects hepatocytes
  • Liver cells rupture and merozoites released (differentiation occurred)
  • Merozoites infect RBC and multiply
  • Some merozoites differentiate into gametocytes which are taken up by the mosquito
  • Sporozoeites enter mosquito salivary glands and are then transmitted between humans when bitten
37
Q

What are the symptomatic stages of a malarial infection?

A

Cold stage, hot stage and sweating stage

38
Q

What three drugs are used for treatment of falciparum malaria?

A
  1. Quinine
  2. Malarone
  3. Riamet
39
Q

What drugs are used to treat non-falciparum malaria?

A
  1. Chloroquine
  2. Primaquine
40
Q

When should chemoprophylaxis for malaria be taken for those travelling?

A

1 week before travel and finish 4 weeks after leaving

41
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoprophylaxis and how long should treatment be (depending on the stage of the lifecycle)?

A
  • Suppressive Prophylaxis = RBC stage (4 weeks)
  • Casual Prophylaxis = liver (7 days)
42
Q

What is diethyltolumide (DEET) used for?

A

Malarial repellent

43
Q

Can you give antimalarials to people who have epilepsy?

A

No

44
Q

Why is an Artemisinin combination treatment used when the malarial parasite is unknown?

A
  • Artemisinin quickly removes most of parasite
  • Partner compound removes remainder
45
Q

What should a mosquito net be covered in?

A

Permethrin (insecticide)

PHAR20400 (20 decks)

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