Invertebrates

Question 1

What are invertebrates?

Answer 1

animals that lack a backbone

95% of all animal species

Question 2

What clade are all animals nested in?

Answer 2

Metazoan

Question 3

Which protists are “represented” in porifera?

Answer 3

choanoflagellates

Question 4

What is Porifera?

Answer 4

Sponges
Sedentary and sessile
Hermaphodites with mobile larva that settle down
Asymmetric
live in fresh and marina water
no true tissues
use choanocytes (collar cells)

Question 5

What type of feeders are Porifera?

Answer 5

filter feeders that draw water through their bodies to collect suspended food

Question 6

What do members of the clade Eumetazoa all have?

Answer 6

tissues

symmetry

Question 7

What is Cnidaria?

Answer 7

sea anemones and jellies
first animals to develop true tissues
diploblastic radial symmetry with nerve net
both mobile and sessile (medusas and polyps)
some reproduce sexually and asexually (budding)

Question 8

What are the two variations of Cnidarians and what is their body plan?

Answer 8

Medusa: mobile (jellies)
Polyp: sessile (anemone)
Gastrovascular Cavity (not a true body cavity)
One opening acts as mouth and anus, lined with tentacles

Question 9

What clades are Cnidarians divided into?

Answer 9

Medusozoa: most or all of life-cycle (jellies)
Anthozoa: throughout life cycle (anemones/coral)

Question 10

Is Cnidaria prey or predator and how?

Answer 10

They are heterotrophic predators
Cnidocytes: specialized cells on tentacles used in defense
Nematocyst: stinging thread that is ejected from cnidocyte, injects toxins to break down food

Question 11

What do members of clade Bilateria all have?

Answer 11

Bilateral symmetry
triploblast
have digestive tracts

Question 12

What is Lophotrochozoa?

Answer 12

clade constructed with extensive molecular data, with members that have widest range of body forms

Question 13

What is the Platyhelmithe Phylum?

Answer 13

Also known as flatworms
triploblastic acoelomates
lack circulatory system
they are flattened for gas exchange via diffusion

Question 14

What do Platyhelminthe have that allow them to predators or scavengers?

Answer 14

Ganglia: regions with concentrated nerves that act as a primitive brain

Question 15

What is Cephalization?

Answer 15

Development of a head

Question 16

What is the defining characteristic of Turbellaria?

Answer 16

not parasitic

Question 17

What is the defining characteristic of Trematoda?

Answer 17

obligate parasites in molluscs and vertebrates

Question 18

What is the defining characteristic of Cestoda?

Answer 18

All are parasitic

multiple hosts with at least one vertebrate

Question 19

What is Syndermata?

Answer 19

Rotifers: free living animals with complex digestive system
Acanthocephalans: Parasites that have a reduced digestive system

Question 20

What is Ectoprot and Brachiopod?

Answer 20

sessile, filter feeders that use lophophore nets to feed

Question 21

What are lophophores?

Answer 21

ciliated structures used to capture food, gives rise to the clade’s larger name Lophotrochozoa

Question 22

What are Mollusca?

Answer 22

soft-bodied animals usually protected by hard shell (snails)
feed using a radula to scrape/rasp
reproduce sexually

Question 23

What do all Mollusca have in common in terms of body plan?

Answer 23

Muscular Foot: used for movement or adhesion in sessile species
Visceral Mass: region that contains internal organs
Mantle: covers the visceral mass and secretes a Hard shell

Question 24

What are the four classes of molluscs?

Answer 24

Chitons
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods

Question 25

What is the defining characteristic of Chitons?

Answer 25

multiple calcified plates all marine grazing animals that cling to rock

Question 26

What is the defining characteristic of Gastropods?

Answer 26

torsion: twist of upper portions of the body relative to the foot operculum: protective covering

Question 27

What is the defining characteristic of Bivalves?

Answer 27

Two shells sedentary and burrowing foot evolved to dig siphons bring water for filter feeding and gas exchange

Question 28

What is the defining characteristic of Cephalopoda?

Answer 28

tentacles and head are derived from foot | highly evolved molluscs

Question 29

What is Annelida?

Answer 29

bodies composed of fused segments Longitudinal and circular muscles closed circulatory system

Question 30

What are general characteristics of Ecdysozoa?

Answer 30

cuticle: very tough coat and usually hard outer coat develops into an exoskeleton Ecdysis (Molting): shredding of the cuticle that must occur repeatedly, allows growth

Question 31

What is Nematoda?

Answer 31

known as roundworms diverse lifestyles have thick but soft cuticle sexual reproduction pseudocoelomates with digestive canal, no closed circulatory system longitudinal muscles important for decomposition and nutrient cycling

Question 32

How are Nematoda bad?

Answer 32

they are harmful parasites trichinosis heartworms

Question 33

What are Arthropoda?

Answer 33

over 1 million species (mostly insects) first seen in Cambrian explosion Appearance of segmentation

Question 34

What are general characteristic of Arthropod?

Answer 34

segmented with cases of Tagmosis (fusion of segments) have jointed appendages: limbs that can bend, at high points, for diverse functions like walking and flying cephalization and sensory organs open circulatory system

Question 35

What are arthropods completely covered in?

Answer 35

a chitin exoskeleton for protection, support, etc.

Question 36

What are the four sub-phyla of arthropods?

Answer 36

Chelicerata Myriapoda Crustacea Hexapoda

Question 37

What are cheliceriforms?

Answer 37

terrestrial but some marine like horseshoe crabs

Question 38

What are arachnids?

Answer 38

have an abdomen and a cephalothorax with six appendages like spiders have book lungs for gas exchange produce silk

Question 39

What are millipedes?

Answer 39

have many legs with two pair of legs on each trunk

Question 40

What are centipedes?

Answer 40

have fewer legs, one pair per trunk

Question 41

What are crustacea?

Answer 41

``` isopods, decapods, and copepods fusion of segments highly specialized appendages two sets of antennas gas exchange ```

Question 42

What are Hexapoda?

Answer 42

``` Class of Insects tagmosis two pairs of wings for flight three pairs of legs mainly terrestrial have tracheal system for efficient gas exchange have two forms of Metamorphosis ```

Question 43

What is incomplete metamorphosis?

Answer 43

series of molts until insect reaches full size

Question 44

What is complete metamorphosis?

Answer 44

larval and adult stage with very different forms