Investigative Behaviour

Question 1

What are the 4 types of correlations

Answer 1

Positive
Negative
No correlation
Curvilinear

Question 2

What are correlations?

Answer 2

Methods used to analyse the association between two variables

Question 3

What are correlations measured on?

Answer 3

Scale of +1 to -1

\+1= perfect
0= zero
-1 = perfectly negative

Question 4

Give an example of a positive correlation that isn’t big enough to be significant

Answer 4

Diener (+0.12)

Question 5

How to write a hypothesis

Answer 5

There will be a positive/negative/correlations/relationship/ null correlation between the (Y) and (X) values

Question 6

What is a curvilinear

Answer 6

A correlation that reaches an optimum arousal peak then decreases

Question 7

What is a weakness of a graph?

Answer 7

Cannot establish a cause and effect between variables

Question 8

What are the strengths of graphs?

Answer 8

1- leads to further investigations and can be used to analyse trends. If correlations have been discovered this can be the basis for more studies

2- high degree of replication so high reliability

Question 9

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 9

Mean
Medium
Mode

Question 10

The measures of central tendency are what type of data?

Answer 10

Quantitive data

Question 11

What are the levels of measurement?

Answer 11

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval data
Ratio data

Question 12

What is nominal?

Answer 12

Data split into categories

Question 13

What is ordinal?

Answer 13

Ordered data (1st to last)

Question 14

What is interval data?

Answer 14

Counting the correct answers or number of words recalled

Question 15

What is ratio data?

Answer 15

Units of measurement with an agreed zero point e.g. Height

Question 16

What are the measures of dispersion?

Answer 16

Range

Standard deviation

Question 17

What are the steps of standard deviation

Answer 17

1- find the mean
2- subtract the man from one value of the data to get (y)
3- y^2
4- repeat steps 2-3 for each value
5- add all y^2 together
6- take this answer and divide it by the number of data
7- square root the answer

Question 18

What is validity

Answer 18

A valid measure that discovers the truth
The method/ instrument measures exactly what it is suppose to measure (accuracy)
Primarily it refers to the control of variables

Question 19

What is internal validity

Answer 19

What goes on inside a study

Question 20

Questions to ask for internal validity

Answer 20

Where are variables controlled?
Mundane realism?
Can we claim the cause and effect between the IV and DV?
Did participants guess the aim? (Demand characteristics)
Did the experimenter infer with the results?

Question 21

What is external validity?

Answer 21

The extent to which results can be generalised to other settings or populations
Samples+ sampling main focus

Question 22

What is single bind?

Answer 22

Participants are unaware of aims/hypothesis

Question 23

What is double bind?

Answer 23

Participants and experimenter are unaware of the aims/hypothesis

Question 24

How to test reliability

Answer 24

• does the measure/method being used provide consistent results over time?
• internal validity
• can it be replicated?

Question 25

How to test reliability in observations

Answer 25

- should have a category coding system to make observations consistent - two or more observers should compare results (inter-rater reliability)

Question 26

How to test reliability of self reports

Answer 26

Internal reliability - split test in half | External reliability- test and re-test

Question 27

TP -> SF -> S

Answer 27

Target population- Sample frame- sample

Question 28

What is a target population?

Answer 28

Groups psychologists are interested in studying

Question 29

What is a sampling frame?

Answer 29

Smaller group within a target population

Question 30

What is a sample

Answer 30

A group of participants that take part in the investigation Drawn out from the sample frame and meant to represent the target population

Question 31

What is the representation/ generalisation

Answer 31

The aim of any investigation is tore present the target population

Question 32

What are the two forms of bias

Answer 32

Researcher bias | Sample bias

Question 33

What is researcher bias

Answer 33

When the researcher manipulates who is selected

Question 34

What is sample bias

Answer 34

When they're dominated by a particular group

Question 35

What are the main points of ethics

Answer 35

``` Informed consent Distress (risk of harm) Deception Confidentiality Privacy ```

Question 36

How can you deal with ethical problems?

Answer 36

Right to withdrawal Debrief Think about long term consequences

Question 37

What are the forms of graphical display

Answer 37

``` Scattergrams Bar charts Line graphs Histograms Pie charts ```

Question 38

What is a laboratory experiment

Answer 38

A room equipped for scientific research | Used for experiments or observations

Question 39

What's the strength of a laboratory

Answer 39

Most scientific | Excellent control of variables and identification of IV and DV

Question 40

What's the weakness of a laboratory

Answer 40

Artificial (demand characteristics and low mundane realism)

Question 41

What is a field setting

Answer 41

Outside of a lab in a more natural setting

Question 42

What's the benefit of using field research

Answer 42

Less artificial (less demand characteristics but more mundane realism)

Question 43

What's the weakness of using a field location

Answer 43

Less contro, over variables therefore harder to establish cause and effect

Question 44

What is online research

Answer 44

When participants are accessed/selected