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IOC Flashcards

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1
Q

What are d-block elements?

A

Elements with electrons entering the d-orbital of the penultimate shell.

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2
Q

What is the general electronic configuration of d-block elements?

A

(n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻²

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3
Q

What are transition elements?

A

d-block elements that form at least one ion with a partially filled d orbital.

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4
Q

Which d-block elements are not considered transition elements?

A

Zn, Cd, Hg – they have fully filled d¹⁰ configuration in both atom and ion.

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5
Q

What are inner transition elements?

A

f-block elements (lanthanides and actinides).

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6
Q

What is the outer electronic configuration of f-block elements?

A

(n-2)f¹⁻¹⁴(n-1)d⁰⁻¹ ns²

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7
Q

What is the oxidation state of Sc in most compounds?

A

+3

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8
Q

Which transition element shows the maximum number of oxidation states?

A

Manganese (Mn): +2 to +7

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9
Q

Why do transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states?

A

Due to similar energy of (n-1)d and ns orbitals.

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10
Q

What is the common oxidation state of Fe?

A

+2 and +3

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11
Q

What is the trend of atomic size across the d-block?

A

Decreases slightly and then remains almost constant.

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12
Q

What is lanthanide contraction?

A

Steady decrease in atomic and ionic size of lanthanides with increasing Z.

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13
Q

Give one consequence of lanthanide contraction.

A

Similar size of elements of 4d and 5d series.

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14
Q

Which transition metal has the highest melting point?

A

Tungsten (W)

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15
Q

Why do transition metals have high melting and boiling points?

A

Strong metallic bonding due to unpaired d electrons.

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16
Q

Why do transition metals show magnetic properties?

A

Due to presence of unpaired electrons.

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17
Q

What is the unit of magnetic moment?

A

Bohr Magneton (BM)

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18
Q

Formula to calculate magnetic moment?

A

√(n(n+2)) BM, where n = number of unpaired electrons.

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19
Q

What is the color of Cr³⁺ ion?

A

Green

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20
Q

Why are d-block ions colored?

A

Due to d–d electronic transitions.

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21
Q

Why is Zn²⁺ colorless?

A

It has no unpaired electrons (d¹⁰ configuration).

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22
Q

Why are transition metals good catalysts?

A

They can form complexes and change oxidation states easily.

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23
Q

Name a catalyst used in the Haber process.

A

Fe

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24
Q

Catalyst used in contact process?

A

V₂O₅

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25
What is an interstitial compound?
A compound formed when small atoms (H, C, N) occupy interstitial sites.
26
Give an example of interstitial compound.
Fe₃C (Iron carbide)
27
What is an alloy?
Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals.
28
Example of alloy containing a transition metal.
Stainless steel (Fe + Cr + Ni)
29
Define complex compounds.
Compounds with a central metal ion bonded to ligands.
30
What is the oxidation state of Mn in KMnO₄?
+7
31
What is the oxidation state of Cr in K₂Cr₂O₇?
+6
32
Which element shows the most stable +2 state in first transition series?
Fe
33
Which transition element has stable +1 oxidation state?
Cu
34
What is the highest oxidation state in d-block?
+8 (in OsO₄ and RuO₄)
35
Name two oxoanions of Mn.
MnO₄⁻ (permanganate), MnO₄²⁻ (manganate)
36
Why does Cu²⁺ exist, but Zn²⁺ is colorless and diamagnetic?
Cu²⁺ has unpaired electron; Zn²⁺ has d¹⁰ config.
37
What is disproportionation reaction?
Same element oxidizes and reduces simultaneously.
38
Example of disproportionation in d-block.
Cu⁺ → Cu²⁺ + Cu
39
What is actinoid contraction?
Gradual decrease in size across the actinide series.
40
Which is more reactive – lanthanides or actinides?
Actinides
41
What is the general oxidation state of lanthanides?
+3
42
Which lanthanide shows +4 oxidation state?
Ce (Cerium)
43
Why is separating lanthanides difficult?
Due to their similar size and chemical properties.
44
Which actinide is most abundant?
Uranium (U)
45
Which lanthanide is used in TV screens?
Eu (Europium)
46
What is cerium used for?
As a polishing agent, in alloys
47
What is mischmetal?
Alloy of lanthanides used in making flints.
48
What is the use of KMnO₄?
Strong oxidizing agent in acidic medium.
49
Reaction of KMnO₄ in acidic medium.
MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O
50
What is chromyl chloride test used for?
Detection of chloride ions.
51
CrO₄²⁻ color
Yellow
52
Cr₂O₇²⁻ color
Orange
53
MnO₄⁻ color
Purple
54
Which oxidation states are most stable for Fe and Co?
Fe: +3, Co: +2
55
Transition metal which forms volatile carbonyls?
Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn
56
Color of Fe³⁺ ion?
Yellowish brown
57
Use of V₂O₅
Catalyst in contact process
58
Which compound is a good oxidizing agent in alkaline medium?
KMnO₄
59
Which element is used in nuclear fuel?
Uranium
60
What is the trend of E° values in transition metals?
Become less negative from left to right
61
Magnetic moment of Mn²⁺ (d⁵)?
√35 = 5.9 BM
62
Number of unpaired electrons in Fe³⁺?
5
63
What is d²sp³ hybridization used in?
Octahedral complex formation
64
What type of bonding is there in metal carbonyls?
Synergic bonding
65
Which d-block metal forms pink complex with water?
Co²⁺ (e.g., [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺)
66
What is the effect of atomic number on ionic radii of lanthanides?
Decreases with increasing Z
67
How many series of transition elements are there?
Four: 3d, 4d, 5d, and 6d
68
Which block shows maximum number of oxidation states?
d-block
69
What type of element is thorium?
Actinoid
70
Write one actinoid element used in power generation.
Uranium
71
What is the nature of transition metals?
Metallic
72
What is amphoteric oxide?
Oxide which reacts with both acid and base.
73
Example of amphoteric oxide in d-block?
ZnO
74
Which d-block elements are toxic in excess?
Cd and Hg
75
What is the oxidation state of Co in [Co(CN)₆]³⁻?
+3
76
Which transition element shows only +3 state?
Scandium
77
Which f-block element is used in cancer treatment?
Radium
78
Which is more reactive: U or Th?
U
79
What is the most common oxidation state of actinides?
+3
80
Example of actinoid used in luminous paint?
Radium
81
Why do actinides have more complex chemistry?
Due to 5f orbital involvement and shielding effect.
82
Name a green-colored ion in d-block.
Ni²⁺
83
Which d-block element is liquid at room temperature?
Mercury (Hg)
84
Which d-block element is known for coinage?
Cu
85
What is the melting point trend in transition series?
High, then decrease slightly across period.
86
What is f-orbital shape?
Complex and diffused.
87
What is the lanthanide symbol for Terbium?
Tb
88
Which element has atomic number 58?
Cerium (Ce)
89
Mn shows color in +7 state – true or false?
True (KMnO₄ – purple)
90
What is the role of ligand in complex compound?
Donate electron pairs to central metal ion.
91
Why is Cu⁺ less stable than Cu²⁺?
Cu²⁺ has more hydration energy.
92
Why does transition metal ion act as a Lewis acid?
Due to its ability to accept lone pair electrons.
93
Cr³⁺ is stable due to which factor?
Half-filled d³ configuration.
94
What is oxidizing agent in dichromate reaction?
Cr₂O₇²⁻
95
Which f-block element is synthetic?
Fermium (Fm)
96
Which f-block is radioactive?
All actinides
97
Which d-block element has 3d⁵ 4s¹ configuration?
Chromium (Cr)
98
What is the color of [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺?
Purple
99
What is crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)?
Energy difference between stabilized and spherical field in complex.
100
What is the general trend of reducing power in lanthanides?
Decreases across the series.

JEE CHEM (3 decks)

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