Ion disturbances

Question 1

What are the symptoms of hypocalacemia

Answer 1

Tetany, convulsion, sizures,anxiety, cardiacrhythem disturbences, parasthasia, muscle crumps/weakness, dysphagia

Question 2

What are the ECG changes with hypocalacemia

Answer 2

long QT

Question 3

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia with high alkaline phosphate

Answer 3

Chronic kidney disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Vit D deficiency
Hypomagisaemia => inhibits PTH release

Question 4

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia with low alkaline phosphate

Answer 4

acute pancreatitis, overhydration, respiratory alkylosis `

Question 5

Whata rethe causes of hypercalcaemia

Answer 5

primary hyperparathyrodism

heamotologgical or non-heam malignancy

Question 6

what are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia

Answer 6

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, acute pancretitis, hypertension, polyuria and polydypsia, renal stones, depression, drowsiness, coma, osteoporosis

Question 7

What are the ECGchanges with hypercalcaemia

Answer 7

short QT

Question 8

What are thechanges caused by change in potassium level

Answer 8

altered membrane resting potential
altered neurovascular excitibility
muscle paralyssi
cardiac arrhythmias

Question 9

Whata are common causes of Hyperkalaemia

Answer 9

altered filtration (acute kidney injury)
acidosis (i.e. diabetic)
aldostereon disturbances (ACEI, K spearing, adrenal insuficiensy)
cell lysis

Question 10

Whata are the clinical symptoms of hyperkalaemia

Answer 10

muscle weakness, arrhythmias, acidosis (cosative)

Question 11

What are the changes on ECG with hyperkalaemia

Answer 11

High T wave
Prolonged PR interval
Depressed ST segment
May progress to no P wave and then ventricular fibrillation

Question 12

what is thetreatment for hypercalaemia

Answer 12

glucos and calcium => stabilises the heart
insulin => increases uptake to ICF
Dilysis
treat underlying cause

Question 13

What are the causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 13

GI=> diarrhoea vomiting
Kidney => Diuretics
Diabetes => osmotic diuresis
Shift of K+ into ICF => metabolic alkalosis

Question 14

Whata are the clinical symptoms of hypokalaemia

Answer 14

o Heart => arrhythmia
o GI=> paralytic ileus
o Skeletal muscle=> muscle weakness
o Renal => CD cell disfunction i.e. Unresponsive to ADH i.e. polydipsia and polyuria

Question 15

What are the changes on ECG with hypokalaemia

Answer 15

o Low T wave
o High U wave
o Low ST segment