Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Question 1

What is salt? What is the ratio of its componenets? What bonds hold it together?

Answer 1

Despite its long and varied history, salt is a simple compound – equal numbers of sodium particles and chlorine particles held together by ionic bonds.

Question 2

What is the name of the force which occurs in a chemical bond? How does the force work?

Answer 2

Electrostatic force is correct. When atoms bond, the electrostatic force between positive and negative particles strongly attracts them so they bond together.

Question 3

Compounds are formed when elements bond together in chemical…

Answer 3

reactions

Question 4

When does ionic bonding occur?

Answer 4

Ionic bonding occurs only between metal and non-metal atoms.

Question 5

Do metal atoms gain of loose electrons to obtain a full valence shell?

Answer 5

A metal atom always loses electrons to obtain a full outermost shell of electrons.

Question 6

What does this dot-cross diagram show about Na^+
(Figure

Answer 6

A dot-and-cross diagram showing how a sodium atom is transformed into a sodium ion.

Question 7

What is the charge of the Group 1 ions?

Answer 7

The Group I elements all form ions with one single positive charge.

Question 8

What is ionisation?

Answer 8

Ionization is the process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons, resulting in the formation of charged particles called ions.

Question 9

What is the naming convention regarding one-element anions? Provide examples.

Answer 9

One-element anions always have an
-ide ending. Oxygen atoms become oxide ions; sulfur atoms become sulfide ions.

Question 10

Explain how this dot and cross diagram works. (Figure 3, Science C2.4 and C2.5 reading block: ionic and covalent bonding)

Answer 10

We use ‘dots’ to represent the outermost electrons of one element, and a ‘cross’ to represent the electron which has come from the other element, in this case, a metal. The overall charge is given on the outside of the bracket.

Question 11

Which statement is true?
Non-metal atoms gain electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.
Non-metal atoms loose electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.

Answer 11

Non-metal atoms have several electrons in the outermost shell. They gain electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.

Question 12

What’s the name of the force holding positively and negatively charged particles together?

Answer 12

Positively charged particles and negatively charged particles have very strong attractive forces between them, known as strong electrostatic forces.

Question 13

What is a dot and cross diagram?

Answer 13

A method to demonstrate the electronic configuration of ions and compounds.

Question 14

Define a giant lattice structure.

Answer 14

Three dimensional structures in which the positive and negative ions of ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces. The lattice is held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction, acting in all directions.

Question 15

What do the numbers on this diagram represent? (Figure 4 - More complex Ionic Bonds)

Answer 15

We always write the charges on the top right-hand corner. If two or more of a particular ion are needed, the number can be written before the diagram for that ion, or after it in the bottom right-hand corner (as in Figure 4 - more complex Ionic Bonds)

Question 16

Which statement about ionic bonding is correct?

Answer 16

Positive and negative ions attract in all directions to make a giant three-dimensional lattice.

Question 17

Define melting point.

Answer 17

The melting point is the temperature to which a solid is heated to become a liquid.

Question 18

Define boiling point.

Answer 18

The boiling point is the temperature to which a liquid is heated to become a gas.

Answer 19

The higher the temperature, the more energy is needed to separate the ions and turn them either from a solid state to a liquid state or from a liquid state to a gaseous state.

Answer 20

A higher charge means a stronger electrostatic force of attraction, which means more (thermal) energy is required to break the bonds and turn the substance into a liquid.

Question 21

Do ionic compounds conduct electricity as solids?

Answer 21

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as solids

Question 22

Are ionic compounds good conductors when heated.

Answer 22

Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when heated strongly to become molten liquids

Question 23

What happens to ionic compounds when they’re dissolved in water - regarding electricity?

Answer 23

Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when dissolved in water.

Answer 24

When we melt an ionic compound, we need to separate the ions to change its state from a solid to a liquid.

Answer 25

If the ions are unable to move, solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity.

Answer 26

Conduction of electricity occurs when charged articles are able to move freely and carry the charge throughout the substance.

Question 27

Study Note 1

Answer 27

When you explain why ionic compounds conduct as a molten liquid, or in solution, remember to say that the ions can carry a charge throughout the liquid. It is important to realise that conduction is not local but happens throughout the liquid.

Question 28

Create a flashcard for the extended C2.4

Answer 28

Electrostatic forces of attraction between alternating oppositely charged ions act in all directions to make a giant three-dimensional lattice. The lattice is a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions. Ions of metallic elements and non-metallic elements can be represented using dot and cross diagrams. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because lots of energy is needed to separate the ions in the solid. Lots of energy is needed to separate ions because the electrostatic forces holding the ions together in the lattice are strong. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in solution, because the ions are free to move and carry a charge through the liquid/solution. Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors of electrical conductivity because the ions are unable to move in a solid.

Answer 29

Covalent bonding occurs when two or more non-metal atoms bond together. Non-metals are found at the top-right hand corner of the Periodic Table (Figure 1).

Answer 30

Both of the atoms involved in sharing electrons must share the same number of electrons. The number of electrons shared is equal to the number of electrons needed to make the outermost shell full. If two different atoms are involved in the covalent bond, the smallest number of electrons needed are shared.

Question 31

Which statement is true? Covalent bonding is between non-metallic elements. Convalent bonding is between metallic elements.

Answer 31

Covalent bonding is between non-metallic elements.

Question 32

Which statement is true? Ionic bonding occurs between metals. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal.

Answer 32

Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal.

Question 33

Are the boiling points of simple convalently bonded molecules high or low?

Answer 33

Simple covalently bonded molecules have low boiling points, whereas ionic substances have high boiling points.

Question 34

Define a macromolecule.

Answer 34

A giant molecule created by atoms covalently bonded to one another.

Question 35

What is the mohs scale?

Answer 35

A scale that ranks the hardness of naturally occuring minerals from 1 to 10. 1 is talc, the softest material. 10 is diamond, the hardest material.

Question 36

What is an allotrope?

Answer 36

Alternative forms of an elemental substance. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.