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From Flashcardlet > IQs for 9-13 test > Flashcards

IQs for 9-13 test Flashcards

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0
Q

Outline the steps in appositional growth.

A
  1. Stem cells along the internal edge of the perichondrium begin to divide into chondroblasts.
  2. Chondroblasts begin to produce EM and differentiate into chondrocytes.
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1
Q

Name two ways cartilage grows. Which type of growth occurs in adults?

A

Interstitial, appositional; appositional

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2
Q

Of which tissue type(s) is bone composed?

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of bones?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. Movement
  3. Hemopoiesis
  4. Storage of minerals and energy reserves
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4
Q

What are the four classifications of bones based on shape? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Long bones - humerus
  2. Short bones - patella
  3. Flat bones - frontal skull
  4. Irregular bones - vertebra
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5
Q

What is the mature resident cell type of bone?

A

Osteocyte

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6
Q

What are the shaft and ends of a bone called?

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis

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7
Q

Where is the epiphyseal plate found?

A

Metaphysis

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8
Q

What is the specific cartilage that covers the end of a bone? What kind of cartilage is it made from?

A

Articular cartilage; hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Contrast the location of the endosteum to the periosteum.

A

Inside surface the bone; outside surface of the bone

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10
Q

What are the four types of cells found in bone? Which one maintains the matrix? Which one is a “bone breaker”?

A

Osteoprogenator, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

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11
Q

What is the lattice-work spongy bone called?

A

Trabeculae

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12
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

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13
Q

What is contained in the central canal?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

How are concentric, external circumferential, and interstitial lamallae different from each other?

A

Concentric lamellae - rings of bone that surround the central canal

External circumferential lamellae - rings of bone just internal to the periosteum

Interstitial lamellae - partial lamellae that are “left-over” portions of an osteon that is undergoing reconstruction

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15
Q

What are the two developmental methods of ossification?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

16
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

Interstitial and appositional

17
Q

What tissue type is the epiphyseal plate? Line?

A

Hyaline cartilage; compact bone

18
Q

What effects do exercise and age have on bone density?

A

Exercise increases bone density, age decreases it

19
Q

What are two specific changes that occur in bone during the onset of osteoporosis?

A

Loses the ability to produce organic matrix (mainly collagen)

Loses calcium and other bone salts

20
Q

Increased joint stability occurs at the expense of what?

A

Mobility

21
Q

Joints can be classified by structure or function. What are the names and definitions of joints based on function? Based on structure?

A

Function

  1. Synarthrosis - immobile (sutures)
  2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly mobile (pubic symphysis)
  3. Diarthrosis - freely mobile (most joints)

Structure

  1. Fibrous - no joint cavity
  2. Cartilaginous - bones are attached directly by cartilage
  3. Synovial - freely mobile has joint cavity
22
Q

What are the characteristics of a fibrous joint? A cartilaginous joint?

A

Fibrous - immobile or slightly mobile, no joint cavity

Cartilaginous - bones are attached directly by cartilage, little to no mobility, no joint cavity

23
Q

What functional category does a synovial joint fall under? What are the unique structural characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

Diarthrosis;

  1. Articular capsule
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Ligaments, nerves and blood vessels
24
Q

What are the two layers of an articular capsule?

A

Fibrous layer, synovial membrane

25
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Lubricates articular cartilage
  2. Shock absorption
  3. Provides nutrients to articular cartilage
26
Q

What do ligaments connect? What do tendons connect?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect bone to muscle.

27
Q

What are the purpose of bursae and tendon sheaths?

A

Reduce friction

28
Q

What kind of diarthrosis joint is the knee? What are the six structural characteristics of the knee joint?

A

Hinge joint

  1. Patellar ligament
  2. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  3. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
  4. Medial and lateral menisci
  5. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  6. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
29
Q

What kind of diarthrosis is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball-and-socket

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