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International Relations > IR Exam 2-10/27 > Flashcards

IR Exam 2-10/27 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about the classification of the world?

A
  • a rich North:
    North America, Western Europe, Parts of Asia
  • a poor South:
    Africa, Central and Latin America, Parts of Asia
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2
Q

What is true about the Liberal Democratic state?

A
  • (temperate fruit)
  • developed countries —> liberal compromise
  • democracies, capitalist economies —> liberal democratic state
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3
Q

What is true about over politicized states?

A
  • (tropical fruit)
  • developing or underdeveloped countries
  • authoritarian, command economies
  • weak democracies, and fragile capitalist economies
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4
Q

What are first world countries?

A
  • democracies
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5
Q

What are second world countries?

A
  • non western democracies
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6
Q

What are third world democracies?

A
  • neutral/non-aligned-power–politically unreliable
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7
Q

What is true about Europe today?

A
  • advanced, prosperous
    –1/4 of world economy
  • democracy, peace and stability
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8
Q

What is the keyword for Europe?

A
  • “Advanced”
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9
Q

Who were the actors during the Cold War?

A
  • Eastern Europe (The Soviet Union)
    • Warsaw Pact
  • Western Europe (The U.S.)
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10
Q

What is true of Europe during the Cold War (1945-1991)

A
  • NATO & Marshall Plan
  • Power balance & peace
    • arms race vs. reduction
    • nuclear deterrance
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11
Q

What is true of Europe after the Cold War (1991-2023/Present)?

A
  • European Union (27 members)
  • Eurozone (20 members)
  • Expansion of NATO (31 members)
  • The Schengen Zone (27 members)
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12
Q

What does Dr. Kim think about NATO’s expansion?

A
  • It provoked Russia to invade Ukraine
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13
Q

What are challenges that are posed to Europe in the present day?

A
  • The Russian War in Ukraine
  • Aging population
  • Migrants from the Middle East
  • Ethnic conflicts
  • Future of the European Integration
    • “The United States of Europe” vs. “The United Europe of States”
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14
Q

What is true about Turkey and its name?

A
  • Erdogan wants Turkey to be called Turkiye
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15
Q

What is the “story of contrasts” that make up East Asia & the Pacific?

A
  • democracy vs. autocracy
  • market vs. command economy
    – prosperity vs. poverty
  • large vs. small
    – land, population, and economy
  • Homogenity vs. multiethnicity
  • American allies vs. foes
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16
Q

What are commonalities of East Asian states?

A
  • long history & rich culture (Confucianism)
  • forced opening & modernization
  • imperialism & colonialism (Japanese brutality)
  • economic miracles
  • Chinese economic miracles
  • Chinese & American influence
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17
Q

What is true of the East Asian Economic miracle?

A
  • Japans economic miracle (1960’s-1980’s)
  • Asian four tigers (Taiwan, Hong-Kong, Singapore, Myanmar) (1970’s-1980’s)
  • China’s economic trasnformation and peaceful rise (1990’s-2023)
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18
Q

What is true of China’s economic transformation?

A
  • economic liberalization
    — an average of 9.5% - 9.9% growth in GDP (1979-2011)
    —- 600–800 million escaped poverty
    —— average GDP per capital is 1/4th of the U.S.
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19
Q

What are internal factors for China’s economic miracle?

A
  • authoritarian rule (developmental state model)
  • culture
  • education
  • laborforce
  • national character
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20
Q

What are external factors for China’s economic miracle?

A
  • security umbrella
  • liberal economic order
  • export oriented policy
  • western markets
  • American alliance & deterrance
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21
Q

What is true about the Korean Peninsula dilemma?

A
  • as the saying goes “When whales fight the backs of shrimp break”
    – 35,000 U.S. troops are within South Korea currently
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22
Q

What are external factors to China’s century of humiliation and peaceful rise?

A
  • the first opium war (1839-1842)
  • the second opium war (1856-1860)
  • the 1st Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
  • the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
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23
Q

What are the internal factors to China’s century of humiliation, and peaceful rise?

A
  • the Taiping rebellion (1850–1864)
  • the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
    –peasant uprising against western powers and Christians
  • Demise of dynastic rule (1911)
  • A failed Republican experiment (1912)
  • the civil war (1927-1949)
  • National divide (PRC vs. ROC)
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24
Q

What has occurred in China’s “rise”?

A
  • China’s entry into the WTO in 2001
  • Socialism with Chinese characteristics
  • Spheres of influence through the BRI and AIIB
  • Claim on the South China Sea
  • Intensified rivalry with the U.S.
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25
Q

What is true about Sino-American relations over the years?

A
  • 1947–1970: open hostility
  • 1970’s–1980’s: rapproachment
  • 1990’s–2010’s: economic partnership
  • today: economic ties and confrontation
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26
Q

What is true about Ping Pong diplomacy?

A
  • eased tensions between the U.S. and China
  • President Nixon went to China in 1972
    – the “week that changed the world”
    – American Presidents bounded themselves to the “One China policy”
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27
Q

What are some territorial disputes between East Asian and nearby countries?

A
  • Russia vs. Japan over the Kurril Islands
  • China vs. India & South Korea
  • Dokdo Island dispute between Japan & Korea in East Sea/Sea of Japan
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28
Q

What countries are apart of South Asia?

A
  • India
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
  • Sri Lanka
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • Afghanistan
  • Maldives
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29
Q

What is the keyword for south asia?

A
  • “disintegration”
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30
Q

What are some characteristics of the South Asian region?

A
  • it makes up 25% of the worlds population
  • most densely populated region
  • India is the most populous country (2023)
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31
Q

What is true about the religion of the South Asian region?

A
  • the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism
  • large Muslim populations: India, Bangladesh, & Pakistan
  • c.f. Indonesia, has single largest Muslim population (13%)
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32
Q

What is true about European and British influence in the South Asian region?

A
  • The partition in 1947 –India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
    – Security concerns:
    • nuclear standoff between India (1974) and Pakistan (1998)
    • tripatriate conflict over Kashmir
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33
Q

What is true about India and China?

A
  • Population: India is larger–denser
  • Economy: China is 5 times bigger (economically)
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34
Q

What are the challenges to the South Asian region?

A
  • political: instability and military conflicts
  • population
  • poverty and inequality
  • climate change impacts
    • rising sea levels (bangladesh & maldives)
    • increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as floods
      – changes in monsoon seasons affecting agriculture
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35
Q

What is true about the term “the near east” or “far east”?

A
  • these terms aren’t used to refer to the middle east, as they are a eurocentric way to describe this region
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36
Q

What is the keyword for the middle east?

A
  • complex
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37
Q

What are characteristics of the middle east?

A
  • population of 450 million (1/3 of the China’s)
  • conflicts and violence
  • autocratic or hereditary monarchies
  • lack of democracy and human rights
  • oil-dependent economies
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38
Q

What is the importance of the middle east?

A
  • energy; oil, petroleum, natural gas
  • terrorism
  • religion: Christianity, Judaism, Islam
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39
Q

What is true about OPEC?

A
  • stands for: the Organization of the Petroleum exporting countries
  • created in 1960
  • founding members are; Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
  • it coordinates and writes the petroleum policies of its member countries
  • it’s an INGO (non-regional)
  • like a guild
  • now has 13 members
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40
Q

How was OPEC involved in the oil shock of the 1970s? (1973, 1974)

A
  • the proclamation of oil embargo
  • a political weapon against Israels Yom Kippur war in 1973
  • an economic sanction against those who supported Israel
  • oil prices rose almost 300% by March 1974
    – the need to develop alternative energy resulted
    —-showcased the power of OPEC
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41
Q

What are challenges to the Middle East?

A
  • poor governance
  • authoritarian rule
  • unemployment
  • conflicts & violence
  • human rights abuses
  • uncertainty of future democracy
  • regional rivalry
    – Israel–Palestine conflict
    – Saudi-Iranian coldwar
  • refugees
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42
Q

What is true about the Israel-Palestinian conflict?

A
  • Zionism movement in late 19th–early 20th century
    – Theodor Herzl “The Jewish state”
  • a nationalist movement in response to anti-semitism
  • the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine
  • displacement and oppression of Palesitinans
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43
Q

What is the Balfour declaration?

A
  • issued in 1917
  • public statement of the establishment of a “national home” for the Jewish people in Palestine
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44
Q

What is true of the UN’s partition plan of Palestine in 1947?

A
  • an Arab state
  • a Jewish state
  • Jerusalem as an international enclave
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45
Q

What is true about Israel’s independence & statehood in 1948?

A
  • withdrawal of Britain forces
  • war against Israel led by Zagreb state on May 14, 1948
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46
Q

What is true about the Six day war?

A
  • Israel captured Gaza Strip, Sinai peninsula, in Egypt, West Bank from Jordan, Golan heights from Syria.
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47
Q

What is true about the Yom Kippur War?

A
  • Egypt and Syria invaded Israel
48
Q

What is true about US–Israel relations?

A
  • Pro Israel stance
  • Trumans support of Israel in its founding days
  • Staunch support of Israel at the UN
49
Q

What are instances of peace brokery efforts with Israel?

A
  • Camp David accords (1978)
  • Oslo accords (1994-1995)
  • Abraham Accords (2020)
50
Q

What do the Camp David Accords reveal for Israel?

A
  • facilitated by President Jimmy Carter at Camp David
  • signed by Egyptian President Sadat and Israel PM Begin
    –recognized the legitimate rights of the Palestinian peoples
    —ended the war since 1948 by returning the Sinai peninsula to Egypt
    —-recognized the governments of both Egypt and Israel
    —–Egypt establishes diplomatic relations with Israel
51
Q

What is true about the Oslo accords?

A
  • The clinton administration
    —Oslo Accord I ( The declaration of principles on Interim self government arrangements)
    — Israel withdraws troops from West Bank & Gaza
    —-Oslo Accord II
    – divided West Bank into 3 areas
52
Q

What is true about the Abraham Accords?

A
  • signed between Israel and the UAE on August 13, 2020
    —Israel will suspend plans to annex the West Bank
    –Signed on by Bahrain on September 15, 2020
    – Israel and Sudan formalized relations on October 27, 2020
    – removal of Sudan from American list of state sponsored terrorism
  • Israel and Morocco
53
Q

What is true about the Saudi-Iran rivalry?

A
  • it’s considered a “cold war”
    – Saudi Arabia and Iran are enemies and fought wars against each other through proxy wars
    • a way of domination
54
Q

What is true about the U.S. and their relationship in the middle east region?

A
  • The U.S. have decreased their influence in this area–and China is taking over as the main power
55
Q

What is the Saudi vision 2030?

A
  • the Saudi gov’t wants to get away from being economically dependent on oil
56
Q

What’s the keyword for Africa?

A

diversity

57
Q

What are 2 characteristics about Africa?

A
  • 54 million people in Africa
  • more than 3,000 languages spoken
58
Q

What is true about Africa’s demographics?

A
  • second most populous continent—fastest growing population
  • aging and out of touch political leaders
  • most ethnically diverse region
59
Q

What is true about Africa’s economy?

A
  • rich natural resources
  • poor economy: $2,000 per capita GDP
    — 35 out of 46 are the least developed countries
    – youth unemployment
60
Q

What are some problems with Africa?

A
  • legacy of colonialism
  • political instability–terrorism
  • poor governance
  • corruption–bottomless aid pit
  • lack of democracy
  • authoritarian and aging rulers
  • migration and refugee
61
Q

What is the saying that Dr. Kim gave about Africa?

A

“African continent was gang raped by European powers”

62
Q

What are some positives for Africa as a result of colonialism?

A
  • English and French
  • Education
  • unity through English or French
  • Christianity and civilization
  • Modernization and technology
  • Arbitrary borders
  • political instability such as coups
63
Q

What is true about the African Union?

A
  • founded in 2002
  • began as the organization of African Unity in 1963 (OAU)
  • replaced by African Union in 2002
  • An IGO with 55 members
  • created to promote unity and solidarity
64
Q

What are the principles of the African Union?

A
  • sovereign equality of all member states
  • non-interference in the internal affairs of states
    —protects rights of the peoples and sovereignty
65
Q

What are some differences from the EU, that are part of the African Union?

A
  • limited degree of integration
  • no single currency
  • no visa free zone
  • 55 members
  • partnerships with UN, EU. 8 regional communities, WHO, and World Bank
66
Q

What are the distinct regions of “the Americas”?

A
  • North America
  • Central America
  • Caribbean countries
  • South America
67
Q

What is the difference between the terms “South America” and “Latin America”?

A
  • South America is a geographic term (southern part of Americas)
  • Latin America is countries that are connected to Latin speaking languages
68
Q

What is true about NAFTA?

A
  • created in 1994
  • North American Free Trade Agreement
  • Mexico is said to be the largest benefactor of the 3 countries
69
Q

What is true about USMCA?

A
  • created in 2020
  • United States Mexico Canada Agreement
    – gave more rights to American farmers in exporting
70
Q

What is the keyword for the Americas region?

A
  • “duality”
  • an instance of opposition or contrast between 2 concepts or 2 aspects of something (2 sides of same coin)
    — North America vs. South America
71
Q

What is the good news for the Americas region?

A
  • the U.S. as the world Hegemon
  • fewer territorial disputes
  • rarer inter-state wars
  • unlikely nuclear proliferation
  • no great power rivalry
  • fewer terrorism
72
Q

What is the bad news for the Americas region?

A
  • widespread corruption
  • drug cartels and gang violence
  • police brutality
  • human/drug trafficking
  • poverty
  • high unemployment
  • authoritarianism and military rule
  • fragile democracy
  • migration
73
Q

What is true of the individual level of analysis?

A
  • studies the role and influence of individuals, political elites, activists, or ordinary peoples
  • focus is on decision makers and participants in decision making process
    • personality, perceptions, choices, activities
74
Q

What is true of the state level analysis?

A
  • explanations derive from domestic factors like:
    • state characteristics: geography, natural resources, demographics, history
  • type of government: democratic, or authoritarian
  • type of economic system: capitalism or socialism
  • interest groups, bureaucracies
75
Q

What is true of the international system?

A
  • anarchic characteristics of international system
  • general characteristics of international systems among states, regional, and international organization roles of MNC’s and NGO’s
  • distribution of power among these actors
76
Q

What is Wallerstein’s world system theory model?

A

All of these interact with each other
Core countries
- semi-periphery
- periphery

77
Q

What does theory do?

A
  • explain why things happen and suggest best course of actions in international relations
  • describe, explain, and predict (or prescribe)
  • affects foreign policies
78
Q

What does Joseph Nye view of theory?

A
  • theories are the roadmaps that help us formulate policies
79
Q

What is true of theory in IR?

A
  • doesn’t mean a single unified theory
  • refers to approaches, perspectives, paradigms, school of thought:
    • realism, liberalism, constructivism, marxism
  • disagreements and debates among theorists
80
Q

What does the theory of realism discuss?

A
  • the oldest, the simplest, and widely held theory
  • pessimistic view of human nature
  • anarchic nature of international system
  • emphasis on national security, survival, power
81
Q

What does realism answer?

A
  • why do states have power?
  • is there morality in IR?
82
Q

What did Thucydides do for philosophy of IR?

A
  • Thucydides (460BC-404BC)
    – history of the Peloponnesian war
    — father of political realism
    — “the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must”
  • power structure matters
83
Q

What did Machiavelli do for philosophy of IR?

A
  • wrote the Prince
  • better to be feared than loved–dictators
84
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes do for philosophy of IR?

A
  • Wrote the Leviathan
    – came up with the state of nature
    • the life of man is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
      – “the War of all against all”
85
Q

What did Hans Morgenthau do for philosophy of IR?

A
  • Wrote “Politics among nations, the struggle for power and peace”
  • a man who has nothing but “political man” would be a beast
  • a man who is nothing but a moral man is a fool
86
Q

What are the core assumptions of realism?

A
  • human nature
    – humans are flawed, egoistic, self-interested, fearful
  • states
    — primary, unitary, rational actors
    — calculate costs and benefits and acts in national interests
    —- international conflicts-resolved by war
  • no perpetual peace is possible
  • zero-sum game
  • permanent security dilemma
87
Q

What do Neo-Realists (structural realists) believe?

A
  • focus on the structure of international system
    – lack of central authority
    – states are constrained by the system
    – international cooperation is unlikely
    – concerns about states cheating and relative gain
88
Q

What is defensive vs. offensive realism?

A
  • offensive: states are security maximizers and aggressive expansion provokes hostility
  • defensive: states must always be looking for opportunities to gain power at expense of other for own security
89
Q

What are the types of power distribution?

A
  • Unipolar: one superpower, no eminent power threat
  • Bipolar: two superpowers that others are associated with
  • Multipolar: several regional powers at same time
90
Q

What is hegemon?

A
  • a state that has the capacity and the will to lead and overpower other states in the international system
  • U.S. in the post Cold-War?
91
Q

What is the hegemonic stability theory?

A
  • a hegemon reduces anarchy as the “global cop”
  • it enforces norms to insure stability
  • creates stability
92
Q

What is involved in a Bipolar world?

A
  • the two powers negotiate then fight
  • disruptive behavior is evident
  • easy to anticipate the others actions and predict responses
  • each focuses its activity on just the other
93
Q

What is involved in a Multipolar world?

A
  • balance of power systems
    • there are more interactions among states
    • less opportunity to dwell on one state
    • there are more crosscutting alliances
94
Q

How can a shift occur in the International system?

A
  • a change in the number of major actors
  • a change in the relative power relationship among actors
95
Q

What are factors that influence power shifts?

A
  • wars (ex. WWI and WWII)
  • differences in economic, political, and technology developments
96
Q

What does John Mearsheimer believe about IR?

A
  • wrote “The tragedy of Great Power Politics”
    – the ultimate goal of great powers
    - hegemony is the best guarantor of survival
    - regional hegemon as the best hope
    - prevention of other regional hegemons
97
Q

What are the building blocks of military power?

A
  • wealth
  • population
98
Q

What source of strength do realists hold to as the most imoprtant?

A
  • military power
99
Q

What is true about Wilson Idealism?

A
  • existed from ~ 1919-1939
    • Liberal internationalism
    • crashed due to WWII
  • championed by Woodrow Wilson with 14 points
100
Q

Since 1939 until today, realism is the most prevalent ideology? (True/False)

A

True

101
Q

What liberal institutions were created between 1949–1979?

A
  • UN
  • NATO
  • WTO
  • World Bank
102
Q

Globalization has been going on since 1979, to today? (True/False)

A

True

103
Q

What is true about the liberalization order?

A
  • multilateralism
  • institutionalism
  • international law
104
Q

What is true about the Liberal view of human nature?

A
  • positive view of human nature
  • rational and smart enough to recognize problems in world and work to solve them
  • collaboration and cooperation make all better off
105
Q

How do “liberals” view states?

A
  • multiple actors in play
  • NGO’s, IGO’s, IO’s, also are important
  • repeated interaction can overcome prisoners dilemma
106
Q

How do “liberals” view the international system?

A
  • they see anarchy as something which doesn’t necessarily lead to conflict
  • the consequences of anarchy–are mitigated by the use of institutions, and interdependence through trade
107
Q

How do “liberals” critique realism?

A
  • states may not be unitary
  • states pursue multiple goals
  • power is difficult to define and multi-dimensional
  • war is relatively rare occurrence and cooperation is more common
108
Q

What book did Immanuel Kant write, and what IR philosophy does he follow/adhere to?

A
  • “Perpetual peace: A philosophical sketch” –1795
  • Classical Liberalism
109
Q

What is the “Kantian triangle”?

A
  • economic interdependence, democracy, international organizations—which all connect to “peace”
110
Q

What are the 3 ideals the come from the book “Perpetual peace: A philosophical sketch”?

A
  • republican constitutions: democracy with rule of law, and popular sovereignty
  • federation of states: not world government, International organizations to implement international laws
  • cosmopolitan law: commercial exchanges for mutual benefits
111
Q

What are the 2 major themes in the 14 points speech?

A
  • resolving territorial issues ] —– self determination
  • open treaties; freedom ] —– self determination
  • form an alliance —- diplomatic idealism
112
Q

What are the 3 strands of liberalism?

A
  • political liberalism
  • economic liberalism
  • social liberalism
113
Q

What is the democratic peace theory?

A
  • institutional constraints such as public opinion and checks and balance in decision making process
  • democracy is constrained by international institutions
  • increase in the # of democracies–makes a better international system
114
Q

What is economic liberalism?

A
  • focus on the non-state actors such as MNC’s & IO’s
  • trade and interdependence lead to cooperation and peace
  • trade decreases conflict
    – but trade may increase conflicts (competition over scarce resources)
115
Q

What is social liberalism?

A
  • person to person contacts at transactional level
    • promote understanding and reduce conflicts

International Relations (3 decks)

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