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International Relations > IR Exam 3-12/1 > Flashcards

IR Exam 3-12/1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Biblical perspective on war & peace?

A
  • war is an inevitable part of human reality
  • perpetual peace is an illusion historically & Biblically
  • Human power and wisdom for security can be futile
  • God uses every war for His divine purpose
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2
Q

What is a Bible verse that discusses end times wars?

A
  • Matthew 24:6-7
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3
Q

What is one definition of war?

A
  • An organized and deliberate and fatal violence by an identifiable political authority with 1,000 or more deaths in a 12 month period
    – at least 2 actors capable of harming each other
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4
Q

What is Clausewitz definition of war?

A
  • The continuation of politics by other means
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5
Q

What are some causes for war?

A
  • human nature (ambition, greed, desire to conquer/revenge)
  • ideological differences (democracy v. authoritarian)
  • territorial disputes
  • nationalism, ethnic or religious identity
  • political means or tactic
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6
Q

What is preemptive war?

A
  • targets an imminent threat
  • aims to gain a strategic advantage in an impending war shortly before that attack materializes
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7
Q

What is involved in conventional warfare?

A
  • fought by people-chosen, trained, authorized to attack or defend against adversaries
  • off limits to kill some groups: women, children, elderly
  • fought with conventional weapons
  • ends with acknowledgement of defeat (ex: Germany-WWI, Japan-WWII)
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8
Q

What are WMD’s?

A
  • weapons that have the potential to cause large scale death and destruction
    • chemical weapons-toxic chemical substances
    • nuclear weapons-massive explosion & radioactive fallout
    • biological weapons-pathogenic or toxins
    • radiological weapons-radioactive, dirty bombs
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9
Q

What is terrorism?

A
  • intentional use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in pursuit of political, ideological or religious objectives
    • a mix of crimes and war
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10
Q

What’s the purpose of terrorism?

A
  • to instill fear to attain goals, and gain attention
    • ex: Munich massacre-1972 Olympics by the PLO
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11
Q

What’s true about terrorism since the 1990’s?

A
  • attacks have been more lethal
  • choice of weapons become more diverse, trucks, bombs, cars
  • more efficient infrastructure for terrorist networks like ISIS
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12
Q

What’s true of state sponsorship of terrorism?

A
  • provide resources or safe haven
    • ex: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, North Korea, the U.S.
    • concern about procession of WMD’s
  • some sense–terrorism-the weapon of the weak
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13
Q

What are challenges to counter-terrorism?

A
  • hard to identify, arrest, and kill terrorists
  • almost impossible to prevent new terrorist attacks
  • gov’ts counterterrorist measures accompany side effects on economy & civil liberties
  • increasing use of drones (UAV)
    • affective way to reduce threats, personnel can be saved
    • concerns of abuse and overuse, concerns about misuse
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14
Q

What is true about cyberwarfare?

A
  • actions taken by states or nonstate actors to penetrate another states computers–cause damage/disruption
    –cheap, easy, hard to trace origin
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15
Q

What is true of guerilla warfare?

A
  • not the same as terrorism
  • groups a type of violent non-state actors
  • form of warfare-small groups of combatants use military tactics; ambushes, raids, hit & run tactics
    • ex: Mao Zedongs “revolutionary Guerrilla warfare
    • ex: Viet Cong in Vietnam war
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16
Q

What is true of globalization (what we discussed in class)?

A
  • economic integration
  • growing integration in terms of politics, economies, and culture
  • distinct in terms of speed, scale, scope
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17
Q

Who is the “father of containerization”?

A
  • Malcolm Mclean
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18
Q

What are some “pros” of globalization?

A
  • engine for material growth
  • better products for cheaper prices
  • freer travel (ex: missions trip)
  • cultural diversity
  • international cooperation
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19
Q

What are some “cons” of globalization?

A
  • growing inequality
  • exploitation
  • unethical business practices
  • fear and criticism of westernization
  • environmental concerns
  • spread of disease (COVID-19)
  • 1991, 2008-2009 economic crises
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20
Q

What is a bible verse that discusses globalization–in terms of end times events?

A
  • revelation 7:9-10
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21
Q

What is true of economic regionalization?

A
  • emergence of sub-regional trading blocks
    • EU (1993-)
    • ASEAN (1967-) free trade agreement area (1992)
    • MERCOSUR (1991-) Southern Common Market in South America
  • Bilateral/regional trade agreements
    • 20 in 1990 to 300 FTA’s in 2019
  • the U.S. has 14 FTA’s with 20 countries
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22
Q

What’s the TPP?

A
  • Trans Pacific Partnership
    • partnership would include 12 countries
    • now about 13.5% global GDP (expected 40% without the U.S.)
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23
Q

Who are some leading individuals in favor of economic liberalization?

A
  • Adam Smith (1722-1790)
    • individualism
    • free trade-laissez-faire
  • David Ricardo (1772-1823)
    • logic of comparative advantage
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24
Q

What is comparative advantage?

A
  • theory that one country can produce a good/service more efficiently relative to other goods and services compared to another country/business
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25
Q

What is the Bretton woods system?

A
  • American Hegemonic leadership
  • economic liberalization
    • collapse of the system in the early 1970’s
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26
Q

What is the IBRD?

A
  • the World Bank
  • International Bank for reconstruction and development
  • designed to facilitate reconstruction in post WWII Europe, and eradicate poverty
  • to loan funds to states for economic development projects
  • long term infrastructure building
  • middle and low income countries
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27
Q

What is the IMF?

A
  • International Monetary Fund
  • designed to provide stability in exchange rates
  • short term loans to help states with payment imbalances
  • now acts as a lender of last resort to keep debtor countries from collapsing
  • encouraging structural adjustments and provide policy advise on macroeconomic issues and economic restructuring
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28
Q

What is the Washington consensus?

A
  • a set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries since the 1980’s
  • agreed and espouses the IMF, WB, and U.S. treasury dept.
  • neoliberalism advocating for free market-reduction of state intervention
    • privatization
    • liberalization of trade and FDI
    • deregulation for open competition
    • tax reforms
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29
Q

What is the Nixon shock?

A
  • in 1972, President Nixon stopped the U.S. dollar from being fixed to the gold reserves
  • the Bretton Woods Era ended
30
Q

What is floating and mixed (for IPE)?

A
  • decided by supply and demand in the market, without the gov’t influence
    • participants buy and sell, exchange, speculate on currencies at foreign exchange markets
  • the central gov’t may intervene to stabilize the local currency
31
Q

What is GATT?

A
  • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
  • stimulate trade by lowering tariffs
    • treat foreign companies same way as domestic companies/firms
    • support of trade liberalization b/c trade is engine for growth
    • most favored nation (MFN) principle
32
Q

What are the top 5 donated organs?

A
  • kidney
  • lung
  • heart
  • pancreas
  • liver
33
Q

What is the Beijing consensus?

A
  • state driven growth as a model for development
  • state owned enterprises
  • state intervention in financial markets
34
Q

What is mercantilism & economic nationalism?

A
  • policy to build economic wealth as an instrument of state power
  • strong and central gov’t
  • protectionism
    • domestic economy and infant industries from foreign competition
  • President Trump’s America first protectionism
35
Q

What are types of protectionist trade barriers?

A
  • Tariffs
  • Non-tariff barriers:
    • import and export quotas
    • currency manipulation
    • subsidies
    • export control
    • dumping
    • complicated administrative rules and procedures
36
Q

What did Ha-Bon Chang (Korean Economic historian) think?

A
  • came up with the idea of “Bad Samaritans”–rich countries taking advantage of poorer countries
  • kicking away the ladder (to reach the richer country status
37
Q

What are 2 bible verses that talk about humankind (discussed in class)?

A
  • Genesis 1:27
  • Galatians 3:28
38
Q

What are the International Bill of Human Rights?

A
  • UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948
  • Committee led by Elanor Roosevelt
  • adopted in 1948
  • international document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all humans
    – a declaration not a treaty
  • international norm
39
Q

What are considered personal rights (part of human rights around the world)?

A
  • life, liberty, freedom of choice, religion
40
Q

What are rights in law?

A
  • equal protection
  • social economic rights
  • education
  • jobs
  • labor unions
  • Community (group) rights
41
Q

What is cultural relativism in terms of rights?

A
  • understanding a groups beliefs/practices in context of own culture–don’t make judgements
  • state sovereignty
42
Q

What is an instance where Asian values “clashed” with Western values?

A
  • when Michael Fay was arrested in Singapore, and was sentenced to caning–seen as harsh punishment in western states
43
Q

What is Thomas Franck’s strategy for those who don’t adhere to human rights laws?

A
  • diplomatic non-recognition
  • suspension of air traffic
  • withhold World Bank loans, IMF credits, Bilateral trading privileges
44
Q

What are some sources of human rights violations?

A
  • states
  • wars and conflicts
    • genocide, ethnic cleansing
    • systematic rape as a weapon of war
    • natural disasters
    • COVID-19 pandemic, hurricanes, earthquakes
45
Q

Why do states abuse human rights?

A

national security, etc.

46
Q

What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?

A
  • notion: all human beings are in need of protection, and that states have an obligation, not just the opportunity to intervene when gross violations of human rights occur
  • obligates states to take coercive action against state offenders–also obligates states to protect people by providing asylum & refuge
47
Q

What are some limitations of the R2P?

A
  • lack of resources
  • lack of political will
  • security concerns
48
Q

What are the international politics of human rights?

A
  • politicization of human rights
    • political tool to advance national interests
    • incentive such as funding or admission to the EU
    • disincentives such as sanctions
  • enforcement challenges
    • not easy to universally enforce these rights nor punish those who violate them
    • the U.S. has failed nullifying threats
49
Q

What is the “North/South Population divide”?

A
  • Northern countries are dying off–not replacing population fast enough
  • Southern countries (generally poorer) have population booms, high birth rates
50
Q

What is the South “youth bulge”?

A
  • demographic pattern in Asia, Africa, & Middle East
  • large share of youth population (usually 16-28)
51
Q

What are the implications of the “youth bulge”?

A
  • Demographic dividend:
    • large economically productive population can drive to economic gains
  • Demographic bomb”
    • youth related violence & civil strife
    • potential recruits into rebel or terrorist groups
52
Q

What does Dr. Kim say about the world and the population?

A
  • We live in a Good world made Bad (Romans 8:19-22)
53
Q

What is true about the U.S. population percentage?

A
  • almost 14% of the U.S. population is foreign born (immigrants)
54
Q

What are Internally displaced peoples (IDP)?

A
  • those who move from one place in a country to another place in the same country
55
Q

What are economic migrants?

A
  • people who move mainly to improve their lives
    • remittance
  • treated under immigration laws
56
Q

What are refugee rights?

A
  • the 1951 refugee convention–and its 1967 protocol
    • 149 states have signed as of 2023
    • UNHCR
57
Q

What is non-refoulement?

A
  • they cannot be forced to return to their country of origin
58
Q

What are asylum seekers?

A
  • someone who claims to be a refugee but whose claim hasn’t been evaluated and confirmed
  • not every asylum seeker is given refugee status
59
Q

What is “brain drain”?

A
  • emigration of highly skilled/trained/educated people moving from one country to another for better working or life conditions
    • scientists
    • doctors
60
Q

What is “brain waste”?

A
  • individuals–migrants end up in unemployment or underemployment in a foreign country
61
Q

What is the function of International Law?

A
  • create order
  • set expectations of behaviors
  • provide mechanisms for protecting states and for settling disputes
  • guarantee fairness and equity (at least in theory)
  • legitimize the use of force to maintain order
62
Q

What are some examples of International laws?

A
  • the UN charter
  • the UNCLOS
  • The Geneva Conventions
  • The NPT
  • The CEDAW
  • The International Bill of Human Rights (UNDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR)
  • The Rome statute of the International Criminal court
  • Kyoto Protocol & Paris agreement
63
Q

What was the RIO Earth Summit?

A
  • 1992
  • The UN framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in 1994
    • recognized the existence of climate change
    • agreed–collective action to stabilize green house gases
64
Q

What was the Kyoto protocol?

A
  • adopted in 1997–operational in 2005
  • 192 parties
  • aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012
  • “Most significant treaty ever signed”
  • developed states agreed to reduce GHG emissions
    • except the U.S.
  • less developed states not obligated
65
Q

What is the Paris agreement?

A
  • 195 countries agreed to cut GHG emissions
    • 192 countries and the EU joined
  • agreement is a legally binding international treaty
66
Q

What is true about Domestic vs. International Law?

A
  • Domestic law operates in a hierarchical system
    • authoritative structures in place
    • violators are judged and punished
  • International law operates in a horizontal system
    • authoritative structures are absent
    • no reliable enforcement, other than voluntarily compliance
67
Q

Why do states comply with International law?

A
  • the right thing to do
  • international law reflects universal ethics
  • they deserve to be seen as legitimate
  • it is in their best interests
  • they are capable to do so
68
Q

What does states compliance depend on?

A
  • whether compliance is in their interest of the state
  • states ability and resources to comply
69
Q

What is the view of International law from a realists perspective?

A
  • self interest and power politics will always trump international law
  • powerful states use or ignore international law as it suits them
70
Q

What is the view of International law from a liberals perspective?

A
  • an essential part of international policies
  • helps states regulate their relations in ways they find mutually beneficial
71
Q

What is the view of international law from a structuralists perspective?

A
  • international law-heavily biased in favor of powerful states
  • a potential tool to level the economic and political playing field b/w the strong and the weak

International Relations (3 decks)

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