IR - International Organization - COMPASS 2025 Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
What is the founding document of the United Nations?
A
The Charter of the United Nations
Signed on 26 June 1945, came into force on 24 October 1945.
2
Q
What type of instrument is the UN Charter?
A
An instrument of international law
UN Member States are bound by it.
3
Q
What is the main deliberative organ of the UN?
A
General Assembly
4
Q
How many Member States are represented in the General Assembly?
A
193 Member States
5
Q
What majority is required for decisions on important questions in the General Assembly?
A
Two-thirds majority
6
Q
What does the First Committee of the General Assembly deal with?
A
Disarmament and global challenges affecting international peace
7
Q
What is the focus of the Second Committee of the General Assembly?
A
Financial stability and sustainable development
8
Q
What issues does the Third Committee of the General Assembly address?
A
Social, humanitarian affairs and human rights
9
Q
What is the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly also known as?
A
Special Political & Decolonisation Committee
10
Q
What does the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly handle?
A
Administrative and budgetary matters
11
Q
What is the primary role of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly?
A
Consideration of legal questions
12
Q
What does the Honour Roll of the United Nations represent?
A
Member states that have paid their mandatory financial support in full
13
Q
What is the primary responsibility of the UN Security Council?
A
Maintenance of international peace and security
14
Q
How many members are in the UN Security Council?
A
15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent)
15
Q
How are non-permanent members of the UNSC elected?
A
By the UN General Assembly for a two-year term
16
Q
What is the maximum interval between meetings of the UNSC?
A
14 days
17
Q
What authority does the Security Council have under Article 41 of the UN Charter?
A
Impose measures not involving the use of armed forces
18
Q
What is the role of peacekeeping operations?
A
Deliver security, political, and early peacebuilding support
19
Q
Which department oversees peacebuilding and political offices?
A
Department of Political Affairs
20
Q
What is the purpose of the Peacebuilding Commission?
A
Support peace efforts in countries emerging from conflict
21
Q
What does Article 99 of the UN Charter allow the Secretary General to do?
A
Bring matters threatening international peace to the attention of the Security Council
22
Q
What voting requirement does Article 27 of the UN Charter establish for Security Council decisions?
A
Affirmative vote of nine members, including concurring votes of permanent members
23
Q
What right is granted to the five permanent members of the UNSC?
A
Right to Veto
24
Q
What is the principal body for economic and social issues within the UN?
A
Economic and Social Council
25
When was the Trusteeship Council established?
1945
26
What is the primary function of the Secretariat of the UN?
Conduct day-to-day work of the UN
27
How is the Secretary General of the UN appointed?
Recommended by the UN Security Council and appointed by the General Assembly
28
What does UNCLOS stand for?
United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea
29
What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS?
An area up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline with specific rights for the coastal state
30
What rights does a coastal state have in its EEZ?
Sovereign rights for natural resource management and jurisdiction for marine scientific research
31
What freedoms do all States enjoy in the EEZ?
Navigation, overflight, and laying of submarine cables and pipelines
32
Is UNCLOS binding on its member states?
Yes, its decisions are binding
33
What is the role of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) in UNCLOS?
Vital role in the operation of UNCLOS
34
What freedoms do all States enjoy in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?
* Navigation
* Overflight
* Laying of submarine cables and pipelines
* Other internationally lawful uses of the sea
35
In exercising their rights in the EEZ, States must have due regard to which other entity's rights?
The rights and duties of the coastal State
36
When was the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) established?
1948
37
What is the main responsibility of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)?
Safety and security of shipping and prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships
38
What is the highest governing body of the IMO?
IMO Assembly
39
How often does the IMO Assembly meet?
Once every two years
40
How many member states are elected to the IMO Council?
40 Member States
41
What are the three categories of States elected to the IMO Council?
* Category (A): 10 States with largest interest in providing international shipping
* Category (B): 10 States with largest interest in international seaborne trade
* Category (C): 20 States with special interests in maritime transport or navigation
42
What does the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) apply to?
Passenger ships carrying more than 12 passengers on international voyages
43
What is the principal global intergovernmental body dedicated to gender equality?
Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
44
When was the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) established?
1946
45
How many members are in the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)?
47 members
46
What is the term length for members of the UN Human Rights Council?
Three years
47
What is the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)?
A mechanism that reviews all 192 UN member states every four years to ensure universality of coverage and equal treatment
48
What key principle does the 1951 Refugee Convention uphold?
Non-refoulement
49
What does the term 'refugee' mean as defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention?
Someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted
50
What is the Global Compact on Refugees?
A non-binding framework for predictable and equitable responsibility-sharing regarding refugees
51
What is the primary goal of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration?
To assist nation states in framing well-managed migration policies
52
What is the primary funding source for the UNHCR?
Voluntary contributions from individual governments and the European Union
53
What is the role of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)?
To promote and protect human rights
54
What does the World Food Program (WFP) primarily focus on?
Delivering food assistance in emergencies and improving nutrition
55
What was the WFP awarded for its efforts to combat hunger?
Nobel Peace Prize in 2020
56
What is the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) focused on?
Transforming rural economies and food systems
57
What is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) responsible for?
Advancing the three dimensions of sustainable development
58
What was the resolution regarding Russia's membership in the UNHRC titled?
Suspension of the rights of membership of the Russian Federation in the Human Rights Council
59
What is the voting requirement for suspending a member's rights in the UNHRC?
Two-thirds majority of members present and voting
60
What is the main role of ECOSOC?
To coordinate efforts to achieve internationally agreed goals and follow up on major UN conferences and summits.
## Footnote
ECOSOC also engages in debate and innovative thinking to forge consensus.
61
When was ECOSOC established?
1945
## Footnote
ECOSOC was established as one of the six main organs of the United Nations.
62
How many members does ECOSOC have?
54 members
## Footnote
Members are elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms.
63
What are the primary functions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?
* To settle legal disputes submitted by States under established international laws
* To act as an advisory board on issues submitted by authorized international organisations.
64
What is the jurisdiction of the ICJ according to Article 36(1) of its Statute?
The ICJ shall have jurisdiction in all matters relating to the UN Charter or other treaties or conventions in force.
65
What does Article IX of the Genocide Convention 1948 state regarding the ICJ?
Disputes between states relating to the Genocide Convention shall be submitted to the ICJ at the request of any of the parties.
66
What are provisional measures in the context of the ICJ?
Provisional measures are binding in character and create international legal obligations to preserve the rights of the parties involved.
67
Where is the ICJ located?
The Peace Palace, Hague, Netherlands.
68
How many judges compose the ICJ and what is their term length?
15 judges elected for a term of nine years.
69
What is a requirement for judges elected to the ICJ?
No two judges can be nationals of the same country.
70
Who can appear before the ICJ in contentious cases?
Only UN Member States.
71
Can the ICJ investigate disputes of its own motion?
No, it cannot deal with a dispute of its motion and requires consent from the States concerned.
72
What is the nature of judgments delivered by the ICJ?
Judgments are binding upon the parties concerned, final, and without appeal.
73
When was the ICC established?
2002.
74
What is the jurisdiction of the ICC?
Individuals.
75
What is a key difference between the ICJ and the ICC regarding their relationship with the UN?
ICJ is an official court of the UN, whereas ICC is independent of the UN.
76
What types of proceedings are advisory proceedings in the ICJ?
Legal opinions requested by five organs of the UN and 16 specialized agencies.
77
Are advisory opinions by the ICJ binding?
Advisory opinions are generally not binding, but some instruments provide that they have binding force.
78
True or False: The ICJ acts as a supreme court for individuals.
False.
79
Fill in the blank: The ICJ's advisory proceedings can only be requested by __________.
[five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized agencies].
80
What resolution did the UN General Assembly pass regarding the ICJ?
A resolution calling on the ICJ to give an opinion on the legal consequences of Israel’s illegal occupation of Palestinian territories.
81
What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
A permanent international court established to investigate, prosecute and try individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
82
When was the ICC established?
By the treaty known as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
83
What does the ICC prosecute?
Individuals, not groups or States.
84
What is the jurisdiction of the ICC regarding crimes?
Only crimes committed after the Rome Statute came into force on 1st July 2002.
85
Is the ICC an agency of the United Nations?
No, the ICC is not an office or agency of the United Nations.
86
What can the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) do in relation to the ICC?
Refer specific situations to the Court that are outside the jurisdiction of ICC.
87
Under what conditions can the ICC exercise its jurisdiction?
When the alleged perpetrator is a national of a member State or when the crime was committed in the territory of a Member State.
88
How can a non-party State accept the jurisdiction of the ICC?
By deciding to accept the jurisdiction of the ICC.
89
What is the primary priority of the ICC regarding criminal prosecution?
To give priority to national judicial systems.
90
Is India a party to the Rome Statute?
No, India is not a party to the Rome Statute.
91
What is India’s stance on the jurisdiction of the ICC?
India considers it a violation of a nation’s sovereignty and insists on an 'opt-in' provision.
92
What does UNCITRAL stand for?
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.
93
What is the primary role of UNCITRAL?
To modernise and harmonise rules on international business.
94
When was UNCITRAL established?
In 1966.
95
What is the purpose of the UN Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism?
To provide a platform for victims of terrorism to share experiences and advocate for their rights.
96
What is the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT)?
A proposed treaty by India to criminalise all forms of international terrorism.
97
What are the major objectives of the CCIT?
* Universal definition of terrorism
* Ban all terror groups
* Prosecute all terrorists
* Make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence.
98
What is the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (GCTS)?
A global instrument adopted in 2006 to enhance efforts to counter terrorism.
99
What are the four pillars of the UN GCTS?
* Addressing conditions conducive to terrorism
* Measures to prevent and combat terrorism
* Building state capacities
* Respecting human rights and rule of law.
100
What does UN Resolution 2593 call for?
For the Taliban to prevent terror groups in Afghanistan and assist in the safe evacuations of Afghan nationals.
101
What was the focus of UN Resolution 2589?
To bring to justice perpetrators of violence against United Nations personnel.
102
What is the function of the UNSC 1267 Committee?
To designate terrorists, implement sanctions, and monitor their implementation.
103
What does UNSC Resolution 1540 (2004) obligate States to do?
Refrain from supporting non-State actors in developing weapons of mass destruction.
104
What does the Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) monitor?
The implementation of UNSC resolution 1373.
105
What is the role of the Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED)?
To conduct policy decisions and expert assessments of all UN member states.
106
What is UNISFA?
United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei.
107
What significant action did India take in UNISFA in 2023?
Deployed a platoon of Women Peacekeepers.
108
What is UNRWA?
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in Near East.
109
What is the unique aspect of UNRWA?
Its long-standing commitment to one group of refugees, the Palestine refugees.
110
What type of funding does UNRWA primarily rely on?
Voluntary contributions from UN Member States.
111
What is the focus of the First Committee of the UN General Assembly?
Disarmament and international security matters.
112
What is the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)?
An independent judicial body established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
113
What is the purpose of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)?
To promote peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent its misuse.
114
What are IAEA safeguards?
Technical measures applied to verify that nuclear material is not diverted from peaceful uses.
115
What does the Additional Protocol provide?
Additional tools for verification of nuclear material.
116
What is the Small Quantities Protocol?
An agreement for States with minimal or no nuclear material.
117
What was the theme of the 19th G20 Summit held in Rio de Janeiro?
Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet.
118
Which organization participated for the first time as a full member in the G20 Rio Summit?
The African Union (AU).
119
What is the G20?
The premier forum of international economic cooperation.
120
Which countries are members of G20?
* Argentina
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* France
* Germany
* India
* Italy
* Japan
* South Korea
* Mexico
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkiye
* UK
* USA
* EU
121
What percentage of global GDP does G20 members represent?
Around 85%.
122
True or False: G20 has a permanent secretariat.
False.
123
How is the G20 presidency determined?
It rotates among the members selected from different regional groupings.
124
What are the two parallel tracks of G20?
* Finance Track
* Sherpa Track
125
Who heads the Sherpa Track?
The Sherpa, a representative of the Leader.
126
What is the focus of the Finance Track?
Fiscal & Monetary Policy, International Financial Architecture, Infrastructure, financial regulation, international taxation.
127
What is the purpose of Engagement Groups in G20?
To facilitate dialogue and draft recommendations to G20 Leaders.
128
Fill in the blank: G20 was founded in _______.
1999.
129
What significant event led to the elevation of G20 to Leader’s Level?
The Global Financial crisis of 2007.
130
When did the first G20 Summit take place?
2008.
131
What does RIIG stand for?
Research & Innovation Initiative Gathering.
132
What is the aim of G20 EMPOWER?
To accelerate women’s leadership and empowerment in the private sector.
133
What is the purpose of the Jaipur Call for Action?
To address challenges in access to trade and market-related information by MSMEs.
134
What is the Global Trade Helpdesk?
A joint initiative aimed at simplifying market research for companies.
135
What are the Deccan High Level Principles on Food Security & Nutrition aimed at?
Improving global food security and addressing malnutrition.
136
What does GEOGLAM stand for?
Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative.
137
What is the aim of the Global Biofuels Alliance?
To foster global collaboration for the advancement and widespread adoption of biofuels.
138
What does GIP stand for in the context of G20 initiatives?
Gandhinagar Information Platform.
139
What is the objective of the G20 Global Land Initiative?
To prevent, halt, and reverse land degradation.
140
What does GDPIR stand for?
Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository.
141
What is the aim of the Social Impact Fund?
To fast-track DPI implementation in the global south.
142
What is the purpose of the One Future Alliance?
To build capacity and provide technical assistance for implementing DPI in Low- & Middle-Income Countries.
143
What is the African Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA)?
The largest free trade area in the world in terms of participating countries.
144
When did the African Continental Free Trade Area enter into force?
May 2019.
145
What is the aim of the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)?
To stimulate economic development through enhanced connectivity and economic integration.
146
What are the two corridors of IMEC?
* East Corridor connecting India to Arabian Gulf
* Northern Corridor connecting Arabian Gulf to Europe
147
Where are the headquarters of the African Union located?
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
148
What is the IMEC project?
A project enabling goods and services transit between India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Europe.
149
What infrastructure will be laid along the IMEC railway route?
Cables for electricity and digital connectivity, and pipelines for clean hydrogen exports.
150
What initiative is funding the IMEC project?
G7’s Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment Initiative (PGII).
151
Name three major ports in India involved in the IMEC corridor.
* Kandla Port
* JNPT Port
* Mundra Port
152
List two major ports in the Persian Gulf.
* Fujairah
* Jebel Ali
* Abu Dhabi Ports (UAE)
* Dammam
* Ras Al Khair Ports (Saudi Arabia)
153
What is the largest seaport in Israel?
Haifa Port.
154
Which company controls Piraeus Port in Greece?
China Ocean Shipping Company.
155
What is the aim of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)?
To mobilise public and private investments in sustainable and inclusive infrastructure.
156
How much does PGII aim to mobilise by 2027?
$600 billion.
157
List three focus areas of the PGII.
* Climate change and energy crisis
* Supply chain resilience
* Connectivity through digital infrastructure and transport networks
158
What is the purpose of the India-UN Capacity Building Initiative?
To share India’s development experiences and expertise with partner countries in the Global South.
159
What is the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)?
A framework launched by the US to enhance cooperation and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
160
How many countries are part of the IPEF?
14 countries.
161
Is IPEF a traditional trade agreement?
No, it does not include market access commitments.
162
What are the four pillars of the IPEF?
* Trade
* Supply Chains
* Clean Energy, Decarbonization, and Infrastructure
* Tax and Anti-Corruption
163
Why did India not join the trade pillar of IPEF?
Due to emerging commitments on environment, labour, digital trade, and public procurement.
164
When did the IPEF Supply Chain Agreement come into force?
February 2024.
165
What bodies are established under the IPEF Supply Chain Agreement?
* IPEF Supply Chain Council
* IPEF Supply Chain Crisis Response Group
* Labour Rights Advisory Board
166
What is the 'Five Eyes' intelligence alliance?
A multilateral intelligence sharing network comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US.
167
When was the 'Five Eyes' alliance formalized?
1946.
168
What does the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) do?
Sets international standards to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.
169
How many members does the FATF currently have?
39 members.
170
What are the FATF '40+9' standards?
Forty Recommendations against money laundering and nine Special Recommendations against terrorist financing.
171
What is the purpose of FATF mutual evaluations?
To assess levels of implementation of the FATF Recommendations among members.
172
What is the difference between FATF's black and grey lists?
Blacklist: Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories; Grey list: Countries with strategic deficiencies.
173
What does INTERPOL stand for?
International Criminal Police Organisation.
174
How many member countries does INTERPOL have?
194 member countries.
175
What is the purpose of INTERPOL Notices?
To share critical crime-related information among member countries.
176
Where is the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation located?
Singapore.
177
What are the two main sources of funding for INTERPOL?
* Statutory contributions from member countries
* Voluntary funding for activities
178
What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)?
A permanent intergovernmental international organisation formed in 2001.
179
Name a key body of the SCO.
Heads of State Council (HSC).
180
How many full members does the SCO have as of 2023?
10 full members.
181
What is the SCO Business Council?
A non-government entity that unites business community representatives of SCO member states.
182
Is India a member of the SCO Interbank Consortium?
No.
183
What military exercise involved SCO members in Russia?
Peace Mission 2018.
184
What significant cultural event did India and SCO hold?
A virtual exhibition on shared Buddhist heritage.
185
What was the location of the 16th BRICS Summit?
Kazan, Russia (2024)
## Footnote
This summit highlights the ongoing development and expansion of the BRICS organization.
186
Who first proposed the concept of 'BRICS Plus'?
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in 2017
## Footnote
The aim was to widen the 'circle of friends' of BRICS to enhance cooperation among developing countries.
187
Which countries have shown interest in joining BRICS?
* Argentina
* Indonesia
* Egypt
* Pakistan
## Footnote
These countries have expressed interest in expanding the BRICS grouping.
188
List the member countries of BRICS as of 2024.
* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Iran
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* United Arab Emirates
* Indonesia
## Footnote
This reflects the current membership following the latest expansions.
189
What was the original acronym for BRICS and who coined it?
BRIC, coined by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001
## Footnote
The acronym was later expanded to BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa.
190
When did South Africa join BRIC?
2010
## Footnote
This addition transformed BRIC into BRICS.
191
What is the purpose of the New Development Bank (NDB)?
To mobilise resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs)
## Footnote
The bank was established by BRICS to support development initiatives.
192
What is the aim of the QUAD?
To promote regional security and economic partnership in the Indo-Pacific region
## Footnote
This informal strategic platform includes the US, India, Japan, and Australia.
193
True or False: QUAD has a formal decision-making body like NATO.
False
## Footnote
QUAD operates through summits and informal cooperation rather than a structured decision-making body.
194
What major initiative did QUAD launch to address cancer?
QUAD Cancer Moonshot
## Footnote
This initiative focuses on cancer care collaboration, initially targeting cervical cancer.
195
When was the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) established?
1969
## Footnote
The founding summit took place in Rabat, Morocco.
196
How many member states does OIC have?
57 states
## Footnote
OIC is the second-largest intergovernmental organization after the UN.
197
What is the main decision-making body of OIC?
Council of Foreign Ministers
## Footnote
This council meets annually to implement OIC’s general policies.
198
What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)?
A military alliance originally formed from the Collective Security Treaty signed in 1994
## Footnote
It includes six members: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.
199
What is the main purpose of SAARC?
To promote regional cooperation in South Asia
## Footnote
Established in 1985, it includes 8 member states.
200
What is the SAARC Emergency Fund?
A fund initiated to combat COVID-19 in the region
## Footnote
It exemplifies SAARC's collaborative efforts in crisis response.
201
Fill in the blank: The SAARC Currency Swap Framework came into operation on _______.
November 15, 2012
## Footnote
This framework allows currency swaps among SAARC nations.
202
What does CICA stand for?
Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia
## Footnote
CICA promotes peace and stability through dialogue among its member states.
203
Who proposed the idea of CICA?
The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
## Footnote
CICA aims at enhancing cooperation in Asia.
204
What is ASEAN?
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
## Footnote
It comprises ten countries in Southeast Asia and promotes regional cooperation.
205
What was a key outcome of the 21st ASEAN-India Summit?
Review of ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement by 2025
## Footnote
This summit reinforced India's commitment to cooperation with ASEAN.
206
What is the ADMM-Plus?
An annual meeting of Defence Ministers from ASEAN countries and eight dialogue partners
## Footnote
It aims to enhance regional security cooperation.
207
True or False: India is a founding member of the East Asia Summit (EAS).
True
## Footnote
India has participated in EAS since its inception in 2005.
208
What is the East Asia Summit (EAS)?
A regional forum initiated in 2005 with 16 participating countries, focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian, and South Asian cooperation.
## Footnote
EAS convenes annually and expanded to include the USA and Russia in 2011.
209
Which countries were the founding members of OPEC?
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
## Footnote
OPEC was created at the Baghdad Conference in 1960.
210
What is the main purpose of OPEC?
To coordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries and secure fair, stable prices for petroleum producers.
## Footnote
It also aims for an efficient supply of petroleum to consumers.
211
What does OPEC Fund for International Development focus on?
Financing projects that meet essential needs such as food, energy, infrastructure, and employment.
## Footnote
It exclusively finances non-member countries.
212
What is the G7?
An informal group of 7 countries: USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and UK, holding annual summits.
## Footnote
It represents 40% of global GDP and 10% of the world's population.
213
When was the Commonwealth of Nations established?
In 1949 by the London Declaration.
## Footnote
It consists mainly of former British colonies.
214
What is the International Labour Organisation (ILO)?
A tripartite UN agency that sets labour standards and promotes decent work for all.
## Footnote
It was created in 1919 and became a UN agency in 1946.
215
What are the thematic priorities of the Global Coalition for Social Justice?
* Addressing inequality, discrimination, and exclusion
* Realizing labour rights as human rights
* Expanding access to productive employment
* Providing protection and building resilience
* Strengthening just transitions and social dimension of sustainable development
* Reinforcing institutions of social dialogue
## Footnote
The Coalition aims to foster social justice and decent work.
216
What is the United Nations Convention against Corruption?
The only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument adopted in 2003.
## Footnote
It covers preventive measures, criminalization, international cooperation, asset recovery, and technical assistance.
217
What is the World Economic Forum (WEF)?
An international organization for public-private cooperation, founded in 1971.
## Footnote
It introduced the concept of stakeholder capitalism.
218
What is the role of the Council of Europe?
To uphold human rights and the rule of law in Europe.
## Footnote
It was founded in 1949 and is responsible for the European Convention on Human Rights.
219
What is the Middle East Quad (MEQ)?
A cooperative initiative involving India, Israel, UAE, and the USA.
## Footnote
It aims to expand economic and political cooperation in the Middle East.
220
Fill in the blank: The Eastern Economic Forum was established by decree of President _______.
Vladimir Putin
221
True or False: The ILO received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.
True
222
What is the significance of the Abraham Accords in relation to the Middle East Quad?
They facilitated the formation of the MEQ by improving Israel-Arab relations.
## Footnote
The MEQ focuses on security and cooperation in the region.
223
What is the main goal of the Global Coalition for Social Justice?
To generate political commitments and investments towards social justice and decent work.
## Footnote
It enhances advocacy and promotes policy coherence.
224
List the countries that are currently members of OPEC.
* Algeria
* Congo
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Libya
* United Arab Emirates
* Nigeria
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kuwait
* Saudi Arabia
* Venezuela
## Footnote
Angola withdrew its membership from January 2024.
225
What are the three protocols associated with the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crimes (UNTOC)?
* Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
* Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants
* Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms
## Footnote
The UNTOC aims to combat organized crime globally.
226
What is the main focus of the Great Reset Initiative by the WEF?
Economic recovery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
## Footnote
It aims to reimagine the global economy.
227
Fill in the blank: The headquarters of OPEC is located in _______.
Vienna, Austria
228
What is the membership criterion for joining OPEC?
Any country with a substantial net export of crude petroleum and similar interests to Member Countries may apply.
## Footnote
Acceptance requires a majority vote of existing members.
229
Which countries are included in OPEC+?
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Brunei
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Oman
* Russia
* Sudan
* South Sudan
## Footnote
OPEC+ includes OPEC members and allies.
230
What distinguishes the G7 from the G20?
G7 is an informal group without a permanent secretariat, while G20 includes a broader membership and formal structure.
## Footnote
G7 focuses on advanced economies.
231
Fill in the blank: The Commonwealth of Nations was established to promote _______ among member countries.
cooperation
232
What is the strategic focus of the Indo-Pacific Quad?
Free and Open Indo-Pacific
## Footnote
The Indo-Pacific Quad emphasizes a clear strategic direction unlike the Middle East Quad.
233
What does the Abraham Accord refer to?
Establishment of full diplomatic ties between UAE & Bahrain with Israel
## Footnote
The deal was brokered by the United States and aims to halt the annexation of occupied land sought by Palestine.
234
Which countries were the first to normalize ties with Israel as part of the Abraham Accord?
UAE and Bahrain
## Footnote
UAE became the first Gulf Arab state and Bahrain followed as the second.
235
What is the primary goal of the Arab League?
To draw closer the relations between member states and coordinate collaboration
## Footnote
The Arab League aims to safeguard the independence and sovereignty of its member states.
236
What is the total number of countries currently in the Arab League?
22 nations
## Footnote
Members include Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and others.
237
What significant event did the Beirut Declaration call for in 2019?
Establishment of an Arab free trade zone
## Footnote
It also urged international support for nations hosting Syrian refugees.
238
Which countries established the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in 1981?
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
## Footnote
The GCC was formed based on special relations and geographic proximity.
239
What did UN Security Council Resolution 242 call for after the Six-Day War?
Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from occupied territories
## Footnote
It aimed for all states in the area to respect each other's sovereignty.
240
What are the Six Pillars of India's Arctic Policy?
* Strengthening scientific research and cooperation
* Climate and environment protection
* Economic and human development
* Transportation and connectivity
* Governance and international cooperation
* National capability building for the Arctic region
## Footnote
These pillars guide India's strategy in the Arctic.
241
What is the role of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)?
It is the nodal institution for India's Polar research program
## Footnote
NCPOR is involved in Arctic studies among other polar research efforts.
242
What is the significance of the Svalbard Treaty of 1920?
It recognizes Norway's sovereignty over Svalbard and establishes it as a visa-free & demilitarized zone
## Footnote
This treaty marks India's first engagement with the Arctic Region.
243
When was the Arctic Council established?
1996
## Footnote
The Ottawa Declaration established the Arctic Council as a forum for Arctic governance.
244
Name the eight countries that are members of the Arctic Council.
* Canada
* Denmark
* Finland
* Iceland
* Norway
* Russia
* Sweden
* USA
## Footnote
These countries exercise sovereignty over lands within the Arctic Circle.
245
What is the purpose of the Arctic Economic Council (AEC)?
To facilitate Arctic business-to-business activities and sustainable economic development
## Footnote
The AEC works through five working groups focusing on various economic aspects.
246
Fill in the blank: The Arctic Investment Protocol promotes sustainable and equitable economic growth in the _______.
Arctic
## Footnote
The protocol emphasizes responsible development and community involvement.
247
What was the outcome of the Oslo Accords from 1993-1995?
Establishment of Palestinian interim self-government and negotiations for a permanent settlement
## Footnote
The accords included Israeli troop withdrawals and a five-year transitional period.
248
True or False: The Arab League has 6 observer states.
True
## Footnote
Observer states include Eritrea, Brazil, Venezuela, India, Armenia, and Chad.
249
What is the Colombo Security Conclave?
A regional maritime security organisation involving national security advisors of member countries.
250
Which countries are members of the Colombo Security Conclave?
* India
* Sri Lanka
* Maldives
* Mauritius
251
Who are the observers of the Colombo Security Conclave?
* Bangladesh
* Seychelles
252
What are the five broad pillars of cooperation in the Colombo Security Conclave?
* Maritime safety & security
* Countering terrorism & radicalisation
* Combating trafficking & transnational organised crime
* Cyber security & protection of critical infrastructure & technology
* Humanitarian assistance & disaster relief
253
What is NATO?
A political and military alliance of 32 countries from Europe and North America.
254
What principle underlies NATO's collective defence?
An attack against one or several NATO members is considered an attack against all.
255
Which article of the Washington Treaty enshrines the principle of collective defence?
Article 5
256
When was Article 5 of NATO invoked for the first time?
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks against the United States.
257
What was the purpose of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)?
To reduce the possibility of major offensive operations in Europe through troop and armament reductions.
258
What was the Warsaw Pact?
A mutual-defence organisation established on May 14, 1955, consisting of the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries.
259
What does the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) state regarding aggression?
If one State Party is subjected to aggression, it is considered aggression against all States Parties.
260
What is the Munich Security Conference?
An annual conference on international security policy held in Munich, Germany since 1963.
261
How many countries are members of the Organisation for Security & Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)?
57 countries
262
What does the Montreux Convention govern?
The Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits in Turkey.
263
What is the aim of the Global Gateway Program by the EU?
To counter the Chinese Belt & Road initiative and create sustainable links globally.
264
What is the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)?
A global partnership launched in 2017 to develop vaccines for future epidemics.
265
What is the 100 Days Mission of CEPI?
A plan to enable rapid vaccine development for Disease X within 100 days.
266
What does the Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) allow?
Facilitated movement of goods between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with specific access to India.
267
What is the TIR Convention?
An international transit system facilitating the movement of goods across customs borders.
268
What is the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)?
An agreement between Iran and the P5+1 regarding Iran's nuclear program.
269
What are the two main facilities in Iran for enriching uranium?
* Natanz
* Fordo
270
What is the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC)?
An initiative for cooperation in tourism, culture, and education among six countries.
271
What is the Three Seas Initiative?
A forum of Central and Eastern European states aimed at enhancing economic cooperation.
272
What is APEC?
A regional economic forum established in 1989 for promoting economic integration in the Asia-Pacific.
273
What is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)?
An organization of states that did not formally align with either the US or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
274
What is the Bletchley Declaration?
A 2023 initiative to enhance international cooperation on AI safety among major powers.
