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paper 1 - History > Ireland 1851-1886 and 1886-1914 > Flashcards

Ireland 1851-1886 and 1886-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

what did the 1800 Act of Union declare

A

Ireland to be united with Britain too form the United Kingdom

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2
Q

How was Ireland different from the rest of UK

A
  • Ireland hadn’t experienced industrial revolution = majority of pop lived in rural areas. Potato famine 1845-49 ensured huge pop decline and unrest within peasant pop
  • religious controversy
  • Irish separatism fulled by Fenian Brotherhood
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3
Q

potato famine 1845-49

A
  • rural areas reliant on subsistence farming
  • famine killed 1M and forced 1M to emigrate to Britain, USA and Canada
  • mass emigration saw decline from 1841 8.2M to 5M by 1901
  • unrest between peasant population and landowning classes = Irish renting off English landowners
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4
Q

what are the religious statistics within Ireland

A

80% roman catholic
10% non-conformists
10% anglican

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5
Q

why are the religious statistics in Ireland controversial

A
  • the established church in Ireland was anglican
  • this caused resentment amongst catholics who opposed the tithe
  • this issue has been partly solved in 1836 but still prominent issue 1868
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6
Q

1858 Fenian Brotherhood

A
  • established in USA
  • US wing
  • a militant nationalist group
  • aim was to create an independent Irish republic by violent means
  • 1865-68 - series of ‘Fenian outrages’ occurred
  • 1867 - failed uprising in Manchester
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7
Q

what was the Irish wing of the Fenians called?

A

the Irish republican brotherhood IRB

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8
Q

why was there a greater reliance on ‘working the land’ in Ireland

A
  • linen industry hadn’t been able to compete with more-advanced English industry
  • disappearance of herring from Irish shores declined the fishing industry
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9
Q

Irish land act 1870

A
  • failed policy - none of three F’s were achieved
  • legalised ulster tenant right for ensuring compensation for eviction for reasons other than non-payment of rent
  • principle of rent control introduced
  • allowed tenants willing to buy their holding from their landlord to borrow 2/3rds of the purchase price from the state
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10
Q

what are the three F’s

A

fair rent - fair prices
free sale - sell goods without tax
fixity of texture - security via contract

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11
Q

context behind failure behind land act 1870

A
  • landowners rented out land to tenants, landowners could evict or give 6 months notice without compensation for improvements they’d made until ulster tenant right
  • 1850s-60s Irish tenant league advocated for the 3 F’s to protect tenant farmers
  • want was supported by independent Irish party at Westminster 1850s
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12
Q

issues with the Irish land act 1870

A
  • amount of compensation depended on the size of the farm wasn’t more than £250
  • fair rent decided by landowners
  • following the onset of agricultural depression after 1877 evictions became commonplace leading into the Land War
  • advocation for 3 F’s failed, landowners increased prices thus tenants couldn’t pay causing riots and need for peace keeping
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13
Q

hopes the land act 1870 would achieve?

A
  • clam the situation in Ireland
  • encourage Irish landowners to develop more positive relationship with tenants
  • improve conditions in Irish living
  • ## it was seen to be anti-property and anti-landlord but passed with little opposition
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14
Q

coercion 1871

A
  • aim of church and land act: bring peace and reduce support for the Fenians
  • yet need to pass Peace Preservation Act 1870 and Westmeath Act 1871
  • gave extra power over arrests and imprisonments
  • needed due to the failure of land act
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15
Q

context to the Irish universities Bill 1873

A
  • pre 1873 Irish university education was limited to trinity college and the Queen’s colleges founded by Peel (no present catholic university)
  • Catholic Church objected to Peel’s ‘godless colleges’
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16
Q

Irish university bill 1873

A
  • university of Dublin separated from trinity college alongside Queen’s colleges and catholic university was to provide education
  • need to avoid controversy: religion, philosophy and modern history not to be taught
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17
Q

reform under Disraeli

A
  • a pound for a pound grant for draining the river Shannon
  • 1875 ratepayers could support national elementary schools
  • intermediate education Act 1878 - schools receive a ‘float’ of £1M from the surplus funds from the disestablishment of the Irish church
  • Irish secretary in 1879 created the Royal University of Ireland in 1879
  • nothing done to alleviate the agricultural distress after 1877 leading to the land war and mass evictions
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18
Q

home rule

A
  • a system by which Ireland would have its own parliament, responsible for Irish domestic affair
  • would remain under the control of Westminster parliament
  • Westminster responsible for foreign and defence policy
  • Ireland would remain part of the Britain Empire
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19
Q

1800 - The Act of Union

A
  • united Ireland and Britain creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Not universally popular and caused demands for Catholic emancipation
  • Church of Ireland established alongside the Church of England caused dissatisfaction of catholic Irish population
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20
Q

Emancipation

A

= equal civil rights for catholics

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21
Q

Land ownership issues

A
  • Anglo-Irish landlords frequently absent from the country, land agents and bailiffs looked after the landlords’ estates
  • Land agents and bailiffs would evict tenant without notice or reason
  • Sublet land by tenants
  • Agriculture did not advance because most farmers employed on small farms, lack of money to invest and improvements increased tenants rent - counterproductive
  • Poverty of Irish farmers caused anger aimed towards land agents and bailiffs
22
Q

the disestablishment of the church act 1969

A
  • 1865 - Gladstone had declared in HofC’s that the Anglican Church in Ireland had failed as a missionary church
  • 1868 - post fenian outrages he brought forward resolutions to HofC to disestablish church
  • aim: disestablish church, ecclesiastical courts abolished and bishops elected by diocesan synods
  • property of church was confiscated and 1/3 given to church as compensation, £1.7M given to the junior clergy and £9,000,000 given to poor law
23
Q

beginnings of the land war

A
  • recovery of Irish agriculture ended abruptly in 1870s
  • 1877-79 - poor harvests = return of famine, further failure of potato crop
  • imported US grain was far cheaper than home-produced = farmers income fell = calling for reductions in rent
  • mass eviction, 6,000 lost their homes
  • demands for change were large and widespread
24
Q

Irish national land league

A
  • Davitt - socialist believing in radical redistribution of land
  • Parnell - president of land league
  • Devoy - leading Fenian
  • resulting in a strong and well supported organisation
25
Q

the land war

A
  • land league provided practical help for edited tenants, carried out campaign of violence against selected landlords
  • land league encouraged refusal of work by tenants when charged excessive rents
  • aim was to ensure that ordinary Irish farmers became owners of their land, end ‘rack renting’ and achieve the 3 F’s
26
Q

rack renting

A

landlords would increase rents every year

27
Q

home rule movement

A
  • support from Catholic Church, Fenians and 60 Irish MPs in general election, liberals
  • Butt was unable to convince Disraeli’s government that the issue should be a priority
  • conservatives had majority so liberal support had little impact
  • Fenians removed support from the home rule league in 1876, want for different leadership
28
Q

the land act 1881

A
  • gave legal status to the three f’s
  • included the creation of land courts to ensure fair rents
  • resulted in 20% reduction in rent over the next few years
  • reduced the power of the land league
29
Q

1880 coercion

A
  • Gladstone implemented in response to the violence of the land league who’d recently assassinated the leading landowner Lord Mountmorres
  • greater power to authorities of arrest in Ireland
  • Davitt was imprisoned and 36 IPP MPs expelled from parliament
  • only increased support for the land league and IPP
30
Q

what did the home rule league rename themselves

A

renamed to the Irish parliamentary party, won 61 seat in 1880 general election

31
Q

Parnell on the second land act 1881

A
  • vocal support would anger more radical nationalists at home who believe the act didn’t go far enough
  • criticism of the act would reduce his bargaining power with British government
  • Parnell chose to support parts of the act but notable not the land courts = his arrest and imprisonment in Kilmainham jail - released after 6 months
  • parnell’s popularity in Ireland soared
32
Q

Kilmainham treaty 1882

A
  • amendments to the land act: providing greater support for tenants and relaxation of the coercion act
  • Parnell began to cooperate with the land courts, committing to peaceful methods
33
Q

phoenix park murders

A
  • assassination of Lord Cavendish and the Chief secretary for Ireland and T.H Burke by a group named the invincibles shocked the British and Irish public
  • led to the prevention of crimes act 1882 and suspending trial by jury
  • Parnell saw opportunity and set up the Irish national league committed to cause of Home Rule
34
Q

INL obtained advantages

A
  • gained support from the Catholic Church promising to protect its control of education at both school and university level
  • 1884 representation of the people act increased the Irish electorate from 224,000 to 738,000
  • 1885 election, liberal and conservative parties actively sought Parnell’s support knowing the INL could soon hold the balance of power in the commons
35
Q

Parnell’s approach to home rule and the 1885 election

A
  • Jospeh chamberlain attempted to make agreement with Parnell whereby the INL would support the liberals in return for reform of Irish local government
  • Parnell also met conservative Lord Carnarvon
    result: Parnell encouraged Irish people living in England to vote for the conservative party
    because: conservatives dominated the house of lords making it import for Parnell to woo them = promising for home rule bill to be passed
36
Q

results of 1885 election

A
  • Irish party won 86 seats put of 103 available
  • the INL held the balance of power
  • home rule became forefront of British political debate
  • the liberal government had majority over conservatives by 86 seats
  • Gladstone needed support of Irish MPs to guarantee legislation passed by HofC
  • Gladstone son leaked news to press = Gladstone had to proceed with home rule bill
37
Q

first home rule bill proposals

A
  • Ireland would have assembly with two orders: one with 204 directly elected MPs and one with 28 peers and 75 members elected by leading Irish property owners
  • Irish parliament would raise its own taxes
  • Ireland would provide the B treasury with £3,340,000 towards empire and national debt
  • British parliament maintain supreme power
  • no Irish MPs at Westminster
  • included land purchase schemes - gov lend money to tenants to buy their holdings
38
Q

reaction to home rule bill

A
  • some believe home rule would lead to collapse of the British empire
  • chamberlain thought it would lead to collapse of the union
  • conservatives let by salisbury opposed home rule
  • Irish protest minority feared a parliament dominated by catholic politicians
  • conservatives and liberals joined to vote against = bill defeated by 30 votes
39
Q

politics around home rule

A
  • glastoneian liberals won 192 seats
  • chamberlains liberal unionist party had 77 MPs
  • sailsbury’s conservatives had 316 MPs
  • combined 77 and 316 = new gov
40
Q

Parnell’s decline

A
  • 1886 election offset decline
  • growth of nationalism threatened constitutional approach
  • ‘plan of campaign’ = tenants meeting together to agree an acceptable level of rent - if landlords refused tenants wouldn’t pay, if evicted support given by land league
  • reputation ruined from being named in a high-profile divorce
  • Parnell’s death in 1891 failed to quell the growing conflict within the Irish party
41
Q

the second home rule bill

A
  • politics post 1886 dominated by conservatives but Gladstone in power 1892 he introduced second home rule
  • changes from first bill: 80 Irish MPs elected to B parliament
  • passed by the house of commons with a majority of 34 but conservative dominated house of lords rejected bill by 419 votes to 41
  • home rule remained liberal commitment until outbreak of war
42
Q

conservatives policies towards Ireland 1886-1095

A
  • Balfour’s crimes act - gave magistrates new powers to deal with rioters
  • land purchase act 1887 - lease holders benefited from fair rent
  • land purchase act 1891 - gave £33M to tenants to buy their land, 55,000 did, tackled overgrowing
  • local government act introduced system of county councils and district councils elected by male householders, shifting control form protestants landowners towards middle class nationalists
  • Wyndham Land purchase act 1903 created 1902 Irish land conference of tenants and landowners. gave landlord £12M to encourage them to sell their land
43
Q

growth of unionism

A
  • home rule was catalyst, growing fear that home rule wold equal ‘Rome rule’
  • unionism northern movement focused on Ulster, growth due to decline in southern unionism
  • unionist feeling was strong among the factors workers as thought free trade and the union had brought prosperity to ulster
  • 50% of industrial jobs were in ulster, 40% in Belfast - fear home rule would end prosperity
  • rise of ulster unionism and the land acts 1870 and 1881 dominated working and middle class
44
Q

growth of nationalism

A
  • grew in the south
  • invalided promotion of Irish traditions
  • close links to the Catholic Church, Irish party and Irish national brotherhood
  • increased militant political views, leading to the easter rising 1916
  • sinn fein
45
Q

liberal government 1906

A
  • Henry Campbell-Bannerman PM in 1906 with majority of 207
  • focus was ambitious social reform
  • improvements made to Irish higher education - national university created to educate catholics
  • land act 1909 introduced compulsory purchase by tenants in certain over-populated areas
  • 1909-1910 Ireland were on liberals agenda, followed constitutional crisis caused by people budget 1910 and parliament act 1911
46
Q

third home rule bill

A
  • passing of parliament act 1911 followed by home rule bill no3
  • removal of lords veto = home rule now had a goos chance of success
  • liberals small majority meant they were reliant on the support of the Irish
  • similar to the second home rule bill - Irish assembly with 40 members in its upper order and 164 in the lower, would be able to raise taxes and 42 Irish MPs sit at Westminster
47
Q

reaction to the bill

A
  • Irish party strongly support the bill
  • opposition from conservatives
  • opposition form unionists - feared catholic control
  • ulster businessmen thought that Irish parliament would be influenced by farmers who know little on northern industry
  • 1912 = ulster unionists produced Solemn lead and Covenant outlining the opposition to home rule. signed by 450,000 people
  • 1913 formation of the ulster volunteer force UVF demonstrated the strength of opposition
  • UVF imported 35,000 rifled and 5M rounds of ammunition from Germany in 1914
  • made it clear government could no longer ignore claims of ulster to be expect from home rule
48
Q

repose to creation of UVF

A
  • Irish volunteers formed as a nationalist paramilitary force 1913
  • volunteers established neither to harass gov not combat UVF
  • Irish party initial critical of the volunteers opening the way for the militant IRB to influence the group
49
Q

negotiations over home rule

A
  • commons supported Asquith’s proposal the Lords had the power to delay the bill
  • voted against home rule
  • the splitting of Ireland allowed parts of ulster to remain fully within the UK could increase conservative and unions support for the bill
  • compromise urgent by the height of Curragh Mutiny of March 1914
50
Q

Asquith’s proposal

A
  • allow irish counties an opt-out system where they could chose to be exempt form home rule for six years
  • discussed at Buckingham Palace it was generally agreed that the four most protestant counties of Ulster should be excluded from home rule
  • conference broke up without agreement
51
Q

pre war home rule outcome

A
  • home rule put to one side and births military decisions changed course of Irish history

paper 1 - History (12 decks)

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