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paper 1 - History > social change 1886-1914 > Flashcards

social change 1886-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

trade unions 1888

A
  • 750,000 members
  • 10% of all adult male workers in the economy
  • unions had been the reserve of the artisan class
  • development of new unionism afoot
  • traditional unions and new model unions focused on defending the interests of their members
  • growth due do terrible social conditions = views laissez-faire economics couldn’t provide society for all
  • led to an increase of socialism
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2
Q

new unionism

A
  • included semi-skilled and unskilled workers
  • political influenced by socialist ideals
  • aim to improve trade conditions
  • wanted fundamental changes to wealth and income distribution in favour of the low-paid workers
  • caused strikes: match-girl’s strike 1888
  • growth shows political consciousness within the working class
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3
Q

why are new unions also known as general unions

A
  • anyone within industry regardless of jobs are charged low subscriptions
  • highly selective traditional trade unions focused on protecting the positon of their skilled members form other worker in the industry and charged high subscriptions beyond reach of artisans
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4
Q

trade unions 1888-1890s rapid growth

A
  • summer 1888 - strike at Bryant and May match factory
  • March 1889 - Gas Worker’ and General Labourer’s union created
  • 14 August 1889 - Great London Dock Strike
  • 1890s - shipping federation
  • 1890s - period of retreat for trade unions as depression weakened position of workers
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5
Q

Bryant and May match factory strike

A
  • women earning on average five shillings (25p) for a 70-hour week
  • successful strike
  • match girls union was formed 1889 with 800 members
  • imported pay and conditions
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6
Q

gas worker’s and general labourers union 1889

A

20,000 members by the end of the year

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7
Q

great London dock strike 1889

A
  • august 14th
  • lasted 5 weeks
  • by end of august over 100,000 workers were in strike
  • demands: 6d per hour - employers gave in
  • imported pay and conditions
  • support domestic and abroad - £30,000 raised by Australian dock workers
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8
Q

seamen’s union and General Railway worker’s union formed

A

1889

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9
Q

1890s saw the employers fighting back against trade unions

A
  • shipping federation to break the hold of Docker’s union
  • 1893 national free labour association proved backlog labour to the federation and other employers
  • docker’s union membership fell from 60,000 to 20,000 in 2 years
  • employers able to find workers willing to break strike = trade unions goal in uniting all not successful
  • government and court decisions were also significant in decline of new unionism: taff vale, Osbourne judgement damaged trade unions power
  • caused movement from liberal support to labour representation
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10
Q

Osbourne judgement

A
  • Walter Osbourne objected to paying the political levy that went to the labour party
  • HofL ruled in Osbourne’s favour
  • hit the Labour Party hard stirring sympathy for the Labour Party
  • judgement overturned by the trade union act 1913
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11
Q

taff vale judgement 1901

A
  • amalgamated society of railways company asked for a wage increase for it’s members as taff vale railway company was making higher profits from demand from Boer War
  • company refused and brought in ‘blackleg’ labour from the national free labour association
  • implemented injunction to prevent union picketing and sued union for damages to compensate for lost revenue during strikes
  • union had to pay £23,000
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12
Q

trades disputes act 1906

A
  • brought in by liberals based off Labour Party bills
  • overruled taff vale decision, strengthening the union movement and leading to an increasing number supporting the Labour Party
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13
Q

syndicalism definition

A
  • a form of revolutionary socialism that aims to overthrow the capitalist system and replace it with a socialist system based on trade union movement
  • sees trade unions as having the power to gain control
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14
Q

striking between 1908-14

A
  • the killing of a miner Tonypandy 1910
  • 2 strikers shot for attacking a train in Llanelli 1911
  • national railway strike 1911
  • national transport strike 1912
  • three biggest unions formed alliance to take sympathetic action if one of them went on strike 1914
  • strikes 1910-14 = political
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15
Q

stats on striking and numbers of working days lost in a year

A

1908 - 3M members, 400 stoppages and 11M working day lost
1912 - 3.4M members, 800 stoppages and 41M working days lost
1914 - 4M members, 972 stoppages and 10M working days lost

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16
Q

impact and influence of syndicalism

A
  • aggressive attacks of the ASRs and South Wales Miner’s Federation 1911-12
  • Tom Mann’s role in creation of the national transport worker’s federation in 1910 and involvement in strike action (Liverpool 1911)
  • arrests and imprisonments of Mann and Bowman = publication of ‘don’t shoot’ leaflet
  • triple alliance of the Miner’s federation, National union of railwaymen and the national transport workers’ federation = general strike
17
Q

syndicalisms involvement

A
  • invoked in minor key strikes
  • dismissed because majority of union leaders were moderates and only in South Wales and Liverpool were there strong evidence of syndicalism
  • syndicalism shouldn’t be overstated
18
Q

which two groups were pushing for female emancipation 1886-1914

A
  • the suffragist movement -> NSWS, 1860s reform and working within the law
  • the suffragettes -> WSPU, 1903 militant approach
  • common enemy the anti-suffrage league
19
Q

the national society for women’s suffrage, NSWS

A
  • founded by millicent Fawcett and Lydia Becker
  • constitutional approach via bill, petitions, protesting etc
  • 1884 reform bill and the private members bill failed to equal franchise for men and women
20
Q

liberal support for female suffrage

A
  • some liberal MPs supported female suffrage yet nothing changed when liberals came into power
  • liberals gave single women to vote in local government elections and allowed women to join school boards
21
Q

conservative support for female suffrage

A
  • conservatives post reform act 1884, tactically motivated but no measures to enfranchise women when in power
  • conservative Primrose league catered for women who played active roles within it (working class and middle class women)
  • Primrose league didn’t support female suffrage but didn’t prevent it either
22
Q

split within the suffragists movement

A
  • suffragist movement split in the 1880s over whiter to stick to non-party approach
  • NSWS destructed in 1888 to allow groups affiliated to political parties to join
  • all would be liberal as conservative primrose league was not allowed to affiliate with other organisations
  • resulted in three separate groups: parliament street society, great college street society and the women’s franchise league
23
Q

women social and political unions, WSPU

A
  • militant approach: breaking windows, arson, hunger strikes
  • 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded WSPU as she was dissatisfied with earlier campaigns and lack of progress
  • ‘black Friday’ 1910 when Ada Wright was sculpted by the police they felt empowered leading to the extension of the franchise 1832-67
  • attracted publicity and strong reactions
  • cat and mouse act - police would arrest, jail and release to catch again to reduce hunger strikes in jail as force feeding became a propaganda coup
  • 1913 - Derby horse race, Emily Davidson attempted to pin a suffragette rosette in the King’s horse causing fatal injuries = martyr
24
Q

three phases of the WSPU

A

phase one - may 1906 - June 1908 = confronting parliament and ministers and campaigning at by-elections
phase two - June 1908-Jan 1910 = militancy
phase three - nov 1911-August 1914 = full parameters of militancy

25
Q

Anti-suffrage league

A
  • 10,000 members and 235 branches
  • no affiliation with party
  • arguments: not all women wanted the vote, ‘biological argument’ unfit to vote and defend, ‘separate spheres’ argument = women should remain in the domestic sphere and men in public
26
Q

Support from Labour Party for female suffrage

A
  • only party to clearly support female suffrage
27
Q

Expansion of towns

A
  • rapid urbanisation 1886-1914
  • urban to rural population 3:1
  • agricultural opportunity declined
  • industrial heartlands: higher wages, work available
  • water services 1900 and municipal gas
  • chronic shortages of accommodation
28
Q

the housing of the working class acts 1890 and 1900

A
  • compelled local authorities to demolish unhealthy housing and provide other accommodations for those made homeless
  • made loans to build new houses easier to obtain
  • both acts filled to deal with strategic planning of expanding towns
29
Q

expansion of service industries (retail, leisure etc)

A
  • growth and new developments with the growth of retail, leisure and financial services
  • chains: Lipton, Sainsbury’s and boots: offering a wide range of goods
  • catered for middle classes and working classes gained access as food prices dropped
  • ‘penny bazaars’ shops had a penny price limit - ex Marks and Spencer
  • focus on consumers appealing through advertising campaigns
  • financial services were vital cornerstone to B economy
  • leisure industry grew: Blackpool and other seaside resorts, bank holidays 1871
  • working class: watching football, 100,000 people attended FA cup final in 1901
30
Q

standards of living

A
  • inequality and poverty during this period shown via rise of the Labour Party, growth of trade unions, new liberalism and debates over national efficiency
  • falling prices led to improvement in real wages and standard of living
  • growth of retail and leisure industries show increase standard of living
  • reforms in public health and social reforms improved SofL
31
Q

evidence of poverty 1886-1914

A
  • two surveys to assess living conditions: Charles Booth’s in London and Seebohm Rowntree’s in York
  • Booth’s ‘life and Labour in London’ 1889 & Rowntree’s 1889
  • made it clear that those in poverty cycle couldn’t help themselves without the help of the government
32
Q

Booth’s survey found

A
  • 30% of London pop lived below poverty line

- 9% lived in primary poverty unable to afford the basics vs 21% in secondary poverty afford minimal

33
Q

rowntrees’s survey found

A
  • 28% living under poverty line

- poverty causes low wages, lack of regulation work, ill health, old age and large families

34
Q

evidence of rising standard of living

A
  • estimation of incomes 1904:
    1,250,000 rich = £590,000,000
    3,750,000 comfortable = £250,000,000
    38,000,000 poor = £880,000,000
  • all industries despite depression showed evidence of increasing standard of living
  • middle class standard of living increasing close to lifestyle of upper class and upper class remained wealthy
  • 30% of population remained very poor

paper 1 - History (12 decks)

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