Flashcards in IS 101 FINAL Deck (34)
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Bilateral Aid
Aid is given by the government of one country directly to another. It can be given in five types:
Tied aid, Untied aid, Food aid, Technical assistance, Emergency aid
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Tied Aid
Aid is given for a specific purpose e.g. building materials for a new school.
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Untied aid
Money is given for the receivers to spend it as they wish.
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Food aid
Food is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster.
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Technical assistance
Professionals, such as doctors, are moved into developing countries to assist with a programme of development
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Emergency aid
This is given to countries in the event of a natural disaster or human event, like war, and includes basic food supplies, clothing and shelter.
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3 Types of Poverty
Absolute, moderate, relative
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3 waves of aid and development
1. Statist top-down mega projects (1945-1975)
2. Structural Adjustment Programs (1970s-1990)
3.Bottom-up pluralism (1990s – present)
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4 Approaches to Poverty
1) Monetary Approach
2) Capability Approach
3) Social Exclusion Approach
4) Participatory Methods
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Monetary Approach to Poverty
-Basic income approach measured
-Nutritional requirements of ‘individual’ is key to approach
-Primary and secondary poverty (Rowntree)
-Include private resources (income), not public (school)
-Critique: What about neglected members of the household? Also, the utility of differentiating between poverty and core poverty
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Capability approach to poverty
-Human capabilities and functioning (Freedom)
-Identifying the so-called ‘good-life’
-Individualist approach to poverty
-Human Development Index (UN)
-Challenges: Measuring could be seen as subjective
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social exclusion approach to poverty
-Explores marginalization and depravation
-Focuses on relativity, agency and future dynamics
-Sees poverty as a process and tends to focus on groups
-Explores the dynamics of the excluders and the excludees
-Multidimensionality and depravation (more than one)
-Challenges: Relative nature of the method and precision in finding a clear definition
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Participatory methods approach to poverty
-Encourage populations to assess their own poverty
-Internal rather than external assessment
-Self-determination and empowerment
-Improve anti-poverty drives and support mutual learning
-Method often used by World Bank
-Challenges: Who has a right to participate? How can we be sure that this group has an objective perspective? Sometimes issues are not addressed based on donor requirements
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4 poverty traps
1) Conflict trap
2) Natural resource trap
3) Geographical trap
4) Governance trap
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Conflict -poverty trap
-Political instability
-Warlord governance
-Continues civil wars
-Ongoing military coups
-Social disruption
-Trade disruption
-Infrastructure destruction
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Natural Resource- poverty trap
-Excessive dependence on natural resources
-Exploit one resource, ignore others
-Periods of boom and bust
-Fuels corruption and weak governance
-Weak law and infrastructure
-Exploitation by the West?
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Geography- poverty trap
-Landlocked and bad neighbours
-40 percent of bottom billion are landlocked
-Neighbours must have infrastructure
-Neighbours of war-torn states
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Governance- poverty trap
-Dysfunctional democracies
-Authoritarian states
-Corruption and patronage
-Elite politics
-Weak taxation system
-Lack of investment
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Global consequences of poverty
-Human trafficking
-Migration, Refugees, IDPs
-Gender imbalances (female infanticide)
-Reduction in productivity
-Violence, crime and corruption
-Terrorism and political
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conflict: symmetric war
conflicting states with equal might
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conflict: civil war
state against internal actor (rebel group)
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conflict: interstate war
2 or more states engaged in war
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conflict: intrastate war
internal (competing rebel groups)
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protracted conflict
continuous, complex, destructive (Israel-Palestine conflict)
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conflict: complex emergencies
protracted inter or intrastate conflict exposed to a humanitarian crisis (Somalia)
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Westphalian security
-External intervention is illegal
-State sovereignty is a right
-Pluralism (political regimes)
-Protection of weak states
-Intervention imposes values
-Intervention undermines UN Charter
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Post-Westphalian security
-Human rights focused (politically driven)
-Internally displaced persons (IDPs) as driver
-Focuses on democracy, economics, rights
-Shift from the state to the individual
-Responsibility can trump sovereignty
-Responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine emerges as latest concept
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Culture differentialism
cultures are different despite trends:
- Civilizations (Huntington)
- Religion (Islam, Christianity, etc)
- Language (English, Chinese, Arabic, French, Spanish)
- Territory/Regions (Asia, Europe, etc)
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cultural convergence
fault lines between cultures are narrowing:
- Increased sameness (McDonalds in HK or dabbawallas in Mumbai)
- Cultural Imperialism (manufacturing in Bangladesh)
- Deterritorialization (Outsourcing, subcontracting)
- World culture theory
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