IS 101 FINAL Flashcards
(34 cards)
Bilateral Aid
Aid is given by the government of one country directly to another. It can be given in five types:
Tied aid, Untied aid, Food aid, Technical assistance, Emergency aid
Tied Aid
Aid is given for a specific purpose e.g. building materials for a new school.
Untied aid
Money is given for the receivers to spend it as they wish.
Food aid
Food is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster.
Technical assistance
Professionals, such as doctors, are moved into developing countries to assist with a programme of development
Emergency aid
This is given to countries in the event of a natural disaster or human event, like war, and includes basic food supplies, clothing and shelter.
3 Types of Poverty
Absolute, moderate, relative
3 waves of aid and development
- Statist top-down mega projects (1945-1975)
- Structural Adjustment Programs (1970s-1990)
- Bottom-up pluralism (1990s – present)
4 Approaches to Poverty
1) Monetary Approach
2) Capability Approach
3) Social Exclusion Approach
4) Participatory Methods
Monetary Approach to Poverty
- Basic income approach measured
- Nutritional requirements of ‘individual’ is key to approach
- Primary and secondary poverty (Rowntree)
- Include private resources (income), not public (school)
- Critique: What about neglected members of the household? Also, the utility of differentiating between poverty and core poverty
Capability approach to poverty
- Human capabilities and functioning (Freedom)
- Identifying the so-called ‘good-life’
- Individualist approach to poverty
- Human Development Index (UN)
- Challenges: Measuring could be seen as subjective
social exclusion approach to poverty
- Explores marginalization and depravation
- Focuses on relativity, agency and future dynamics
- Sees poverty as a process and tends to focus on groups
- Explores the dynamics of the excluders and the excludees
- Multidimensionality and depravation (more than one)
- Challenges: Relative nature of the method and precision in finding a clear definition
Participatory methods approach to poverty
- Encourage populations to assess their own poverty
- Internal rather than external assessment
- Self-determination and empowerment
- Improve anti-poverty drives and support mutual learning
- Method often used by World Bank
- Challenges: Who has a right to participate? How can we be sure that this group has an objective perspective? Sometimes issues are not addressed based on donor requirements
4 poverty traps
1) Conflict trap
2) Natural resource trap
3) Geographical trap
4) Governance trap
Conflict -poverty trap
- Political instability
- Warlord governance
- Continues civil wars
- Ongoing military coups
- Social disruption
- Trade disruption
- Infrastructure destruction
Natural Resource- poverty trap
- Excessive dependence on natural resources
- Exploit one resource, ignore others
- Periods of boom and bust
- Fuels corruption and weak governance
- Weak law and infrastructure
- Exploitation by the West?
Geography- poverty trap
- Landlocked and bad neighbours
- 40 percent of bottom billion are landlocked
- Neighbours must have infrastructure
- Neighbours of war-torn states
Governance- poverty trap
- Dysfunctional democracies
- Authoritarian states
- Corruption and patronage
- Elite politics
- Weak taxation system
- Lack of investment
Global consequences of poverty
- Human trafficking
- Migration, Refugees, IDPs
- Gender imbalances (female infanticide)
- Reduction in productivity
- Violence, crime and corruption
- Terrorism and political
conflict: symmetric war
conflicting states with equal might
conflict: civil war
state against internal actor (rebel group)
conflict: interstate war
2 or more states engaged in war
conflict: intrastate war
internal (competing rebel groups)
protracted conflict
continuous, complex, destructive (Israel-Palestine conflict)
