islam Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
pre-islamic arabia:
four basic monotheistic perspectives were present
A
- Zoroastrianism
- judaism
- christianity
- hanif (“to turn away” from polytheism)
2
Q
pre-islamic arabia: most people were polytheistic
- central gods
A
- allah = “the God”: high God, mystery, uncontactable
- Hubal: moon God: less harsh than the sun
3
Q
pre-islamic arabia: key religious center
A
Mecca
- Ka’ba: cube structure, holy place associated with Adam, Noah, and Abraham
- place of pilgrimage for polytheistic people, spiritual center of the world
- inside: repository of many deities (300+ gods)
4
Q
pre-islamic arabia: focus on ____ loyalty
A
family
- deity connected to family or tribe
5
Q
Muhammad: story of birth
A
- 570 CE-632CE
- FATHER = traveling merchant: on his way to romantic time with wife and met by mysterious woman who demands he sleeps with her he refuses. next day, he sees same woman and asks why she is so different and she said “ yesterday, there was a light between your eyes, today it is gone”
- previous day = day of Muhammad’s conception
- associated with light even before birth
6
Q
Muhammad: early losses
A
- women in Mecca would give child to wet nurse
- spent 5 years with his wet nurse, and then he loses his “mom” when his biological mother takes him back
- father died before his birth
- birth mother dies when he is 6
- paternal grandpa dies 2 years later
- then he lives with uncle from 8 on
7
Q
Muhammad: first marriage
A
- Khadijah
- he was 25 and he was 40
- she was widowed and noticed Muhammad (he ran a caravan for her, and she observed him through an employee)
- they had a happy monogamous wedding for 25 years
- 2 sons, 4 daughters (Fatima), Ali (cousin), slave boy that they adopted
8
Q
the night of power
A
- 610 CE
- he was disturbed by society
- mountainside to pray and mediate, angel Gabriel appeared to hi and came with a message from Allah: “recite”; God calls him for a task and to me a messenger
- initially, he is scared but his wife believes him (first muslim)
- his cousin (christian), Ali, and daughter also believe him
9
Q
year of sorrow
A
- 619 CE
- Khadija and his uncle die
- open hostility of his clan against him leads to growing persecution
- sheep uterus is thrown at him, signaling shame and disrespect
10
Q
Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven
A
- 621 CE
- traveled on Buraq from Mecca to Jerusalem
- tethers Buraq to western wall of Temple Mount
- leads a time of prayer with other prophets
- travels 7 circles of heaven, comes to a tree that even Gabriel cannot pass
- Allah gives him instructions to pray 50 times a day, Moses tells him to reduce it, Allah reduces, repeats until they settle on 5 times per day BUT this counts as 50 time
11
Q
the migration (___) to ____
A
- Hijra to Yathrib/Medina
- 622 Ce
- start of the muslim calendar
- goes there since there are jews there (monotheists)
- muslims faced Jerusalem during daily prayers
12
Q
building a muslim community in Medina : marriages
A
- he begins to remarry in Medina –> multiple wives (9-12)
- limitations didn’t apply to him
- wives were mostly widows only 1 virgin (Aisha)
- care and concern for widows was the goal
13
Q
building a muslim community in Medina : constitution
A
- teachings of God = teachings of state
- dowry belongs to the woman (reduce divorce)
- 3 month waiting period for divorce
- improved treatment for slaves/POW
- protections fo mothers and orphans
- no interest charged
14
Q
building a muslim community in Medina : fights, scandals, betrayals
A
- people from Mecca try to push down this uprising
- Jews become enemies, so Muslims begin facing Ka’ba in Mecca to pray (instead of Jerusalem)
15
Q
triumphant return to Mecca
A
- 629 CE
- cleanses Ka’ba from deities
- dedicates it to Allah
- back to Medina, and Muhammad Dies in 632
16
Q
Islam vs Muslim
A
- Islam = the religion of submission and peace
- Muslim = one who submits/ one who lives in peace
17
Q
arabic root of islam/muslim
A
SLM
- sumbission to will
- peace
18
Q
Allah
A
- “The God”
- ONE, great, beyond comprehension, responds to prayers directly
- he is near
- 99 names for Allah
19
Q
Angels
A
- created without freedom to serve God
- each person has 2 angels to record their good and bad deeds, which are weighed at judgement day
- Jinn: spirit begin that DO have freedom, the leader is satan, they can choose to convert to Islam
20
Q
Holy Books
A
4 primary collections of Holy scriptures
- Torah: revelation to Moses “the Law”
- Pslams: to David
- Gospels: from Jesus
- Qur’an: To Muhammad
21
Q
prophets
A
- include Adam, Moses, Noah, Jesus,… Muhammad
- thousands have been sent by Allah to teach
- all are human, not divine
- prophet vs messenger: not every prophet is a messenger (given book or writing)
22
Q
day of judgement
A
- before: trials and tribulations, signs of the end
- Jesus comes at time leading to Judgement
- 2 angels measure deeds to decide fate
23
Q
fate
A
- sense of God’s foreknowledge
- whatever happens, God has willed it
24
Q
the core practices are called
A
the 5 pillars
25
what are the 5 Pillars
- recitation of creed in arabic
- prayer 5 times a day
- almsgiving
- fasting during Ramada
- the Hajj pilgrimage
26
Islam: orthodoxy or orthopraxy?
orthopraxy = accepted practice , over accepted doctrine
27
almsgiving details
- 2.5% of assets, not only money/cash
- annually given
28
Ramadan month
month that Muhammad got the first revelation
- fast from food, liquids, sex
- prayer counts for more
- make up missed days later
- communal nature
- sign of entrance into adulthood
29
details of the Hajj
- at least 1x
- travel to Mecca
- ~10 days, rituals, certain time of year
- must apply for Hajj visa: 2 million get it
- not a requirement for salvation
- act out events from Abraham
- name changes to show you've done Hajj
- wear garments to eliminate social stratifications
30
the affair of the necklace
- lead to tension between Ali and Abu Bakr
- Aisha, while traveling at night, is searching for her necklace and gets left behind
- she is brought back on the back of a young mans camel
- Ali tells Muhammad to divorce Aisha (who is the daughter of Abu)
- Abu is angry at Ali
- when Muhammad dies, Ali is taking care of the body while Abu is selected as successor/ruler
31
the split between Sunni and Shi'a centers on..
who should have been the leader of the movement after Muhammad died
32
Sunni
- what actually occured
- leaders after Muhammad should have been selected by the community
- chose Abu Bakr
33
Shi'a
- leader should be the closest male relative of Muhammad (genetic)
- they wanted Ali, who was the cousin of Muhammad
- they did not trust Aisha
34
what are the 3 branches / divisions
Sunni, Shi'a, ad Sufi
35
Sunni
- largest group (85%)
- happened as it should with Abu as leader
- Qur'an and Hadith literature
- interpretations by community of scholars
36
Shi'a
- 15%
- Imam (prayer leader) has more authority than in sunni
- 3 main groups: 12ers (12 imam successors after Muhammad), 7ers, and 5ers
- can pray 3x/day instead of 5 by combining prayers
- strong belief in Mahdi: rightly guided one that comes at the end times to establish justice
- prizes martyrdom
37
Sufi
- 5%
- charismatic branch of islam that contains Sunni or Shia
- become 1 with God
- means "woolen": mystical, spiritual, prayer, worship, love for God is MORE important than legalities
38
the Qur'an means
recitation
39
from revelation to book
- night of power was the first revelation
- other of the book/preserved tablet: all the writings from God were all in heaven in this mother book. on this night, the Qur'an descended to the lowest portion of heaven where it was slowly revealed to Muhammad over 20 years
- Muhammad received the revelations sometimes difficulty, as the years went on though it got easier
- Gabriel would recite, Muhammad would repeat, and recite ALL revelations annually as a test
- all oral until he died (group of men + Muhammad had it all memorizeda0
40
Quran: the finished product
- 80% of the length of the NT
- Surah: chapters; 114 Suras that are arranged by name not number. the name is connected to key subject
- Aya: pointer; verse or subdivision of chapter
41
the Quran is considered to be the ___,____ word of God
literal, perfect
42
content of Quran: Bismillah
- focus on Allah's grace and mercy
- every Surah except for one starts with : In the name of Allah, the giver of mercy
43
content of Quran: connections with bible
- 1/3 is biblical material
- story of Jonah is more cryptic
- ask jews/christians to explain since they are fellow "people of the book"
44
content of Quran: Al Fatiha
- the opening in the Quran
- summary of entire book
- 7 verses
45
the Quran in daily life
- holy object
- cannot be bought or sold, instead we buy the materials it was printed on
- dispose by burying
- carry above waist
- place on highest shelf
- wash before touching
- recite more than read
46
Islam and Women
- islam was good news for women and children
- over time: warp and twist what was originally good
- Hijab: some say requirement, others say it is a practice or protest against objectification
47
the Mahdi and the coming of Jesus
- Mahdi: rightly guided one that comes to deliver truth right before end time
- sometimes, Jesus = Mahdi
48
Muslims and SDA
- muslims see christians as immodest, sexually immoral, drunks, etc.
- see christians as having 3 gods: God, Mary , Jesus
- christians are lax and ignore the law and are zionists
- muslims and SDA have lots of commonalities
49
what is Ihram
pure free of mind: patience, courtesy, respect
- OR clothes worn to reduce social stratifications during HajJ
50
mood of pilgrims at the standing of Arafat
- judgement day recreation
- realm of forgiveness
- we are all 1 in front of God at judgement day
- poverty spirity
-burden on the soul
