ISLAM PAPER 2 Flashcards

Question

why is tawhid an important characteristic of allah for muslims?

Answer 1

there is only one god that created everything, muslims must try and preserve everything created, muslims must only worship allah otherwise they incur biggest sin which is shirk

Answer 2

allah is in control of everything that happens, allah has a plan for the world and has the power to make it happen, "blessed be he in whose hands is dominion"

Answer 3

if god is compassionate then muslims should be as well to those who cause them offence, on day of judgement muslims can ask for allah's mercy for their sins but how can they if they don't forgive others themselves

Answer 4

just god will reward and punish people on the last day so muslims must work hard to not go to hell, teachings of last day are concerned with reward and punishment which is basis of justice, if allah is just then muslims have to be just and ensure world is governed justly

Answer 5

shows allah is greater than eveyrhting and worth of humanity's worship, allah is in control as there is nothing greater than him, not restricted by time and space and is self-subsistent so can be contacted by humans whenever and wherever they are

Answer 6

allah is within the universe he created , no science can comprehend allah, despite his greatness he can still be contacted, allah is present for all religious activities like salah, sawm

Answer 7

- islam is the original religions as he taught it to he first prophet adam and the same one to final muhammad - every prophet was called by allah to give allah's message to humans so they should follow the prophet's teachings - prophets were given message of allah in holy books so they should follow those teachings

Answer 8

- most say god only made one (quran) which is eternal, earthly copy of heavenly original, this was distorted by humans but the one he gave to muhammad isn't able to be distorted - some say earlier books wren't quran as they contain some parts of the quran, only quran is eternal word

Answer 9

to teach humans how to live according to allah's will as they are to be god's khalifahs, to be this they have to know how he wants them to live

Answer 10

- some say ones before quran are significant as they show god always tried to tell how to live but they are no longer important as they are distorted and not god's word anymore - others say quran does refer to these books so they are still show what god revealed therefore the teachings should be followed if they fit with the quran

Answer 11

- everything in quran must be true a god said it so muslims must believe it - nothing is altered so it is of greatest authority

Answer 12

sinless, no free will, male, wings, obey all allah's commands, can have direct contact with allah and pass messages onto humans

Answer 13

they praise allah in heaven, they are guardians of the gates of hell, record good and bad deeds of humans for day of judgement

Answer 14

chief of angels whose main role is to deliver allah's message to prophets

Answer 15

second most important, guadrian of heaven to protect it from evil and the devil ,sends rain to earth to nourish humans

Answer 16

angel of death, takes soul of people at death and returns it to allah

Answer 17

- angels communicated the quran so without them we wouldn't know how to live - called prophets to serve god so without them muhammad wouldn't have been the perfect example - ensure on day of judgement allah has all the facts so he can judge - make sure heaven is safe from evil

Answer 18

- many shias follow mutazilites theologians who say allah crated humans will free will to be his vicegerents so individual humans are responsible for misusing their free will so are responsible for their own actions - sunnis follow al'ashari theologians who say allah has foreknowledge so knows what people will do but they do it from their own free will

Answer 19

- if they face short-term suffering they shouldn't be worried as allah is in control of long-term future so its fine - any sufferings must be accepted as they are part of god's plan and will lead to a good outcome - muslims have free will so cannot sit back and let god take responsibility for things instead must make their own choices and be responsible for their own destiny

Answer 20

general view is that people will stay in hell forever - some believe bad muslims stay there for some time to be punished for sins as surah 15 says there are 7 classes of hell - some believe good followers of other religions will stay there for some time as well

Answer 21

- quran teaches there if life after death and that is the word of god so they must believe it - PM said there is and he is perfect example so muslims must follow whatever he says - muslims believe this life is a test from god which needs judgement so there is an afterlife for that to happen

Answer 22

- islam teaches there is a last day so muslims have to live a good muslims life to go to heaven as judgement is based on the nature of people's lives - living good muslim life means following the shariah so they will have to eat halal food not drink alcohol etc - living good muslim life means observing 5 pillars where they have to pray everyday , fast during ramadan, go on hajj at least one etc

Answer 23

makes sure people are rewarded for their labour, modern day society wouldn't operate without it, justice system makes sure laws are obeyed and enforced

Answer 24

- quran describes allah as justice, so is he is just himself then justice must be of highest importance - quran says allah wants people to treat each other fairly and establish justice: "God commands justice, the doing of good" - many hadith where muhammad is seen to act justly: "Injustice shall be darkness of the day of judgement"

Answer 25

the feel that the hurt they felt is acknowledged by society and paid for by the perpetrator. the perpetrator gets the appropriate punishment for their crime so they can be aware of the effect that the crime had on victim

Answer 26

- islam teaches that justice should always be given, as victim is innocent they have to get justice from perpetrator - islam teaches victims of crime should be compensated "if believer kills believer... compensation is due" - as god commands muslims to be just it also means unjust should be punished so victims are given justice

Answer 27

poverty, low self esteem, upbringing, drugs

Answer 28

- poverty: give zakah and support charities like muslim aid and islamic relief, ban interest - upbringing: help people fulfil their duties as muslim parents, islam teaches children are a gift from god, muslims parents will be judged on how well they have brought up their children, many mosques provide family advice and support - drugs: they are prohibited, PM said they shouldn't drink several times - self esteem: islam teaches that muslims are allah's khalifahs so this is never a problem, if they do not do well they will be punsihed on day of judgement.

Answer 29

- fard = must be done to be seen as good - mandub = actions that will be rewarded for doing but not punished if not done - mubah = actions that are permitted as nothing is said against them in hadith/quran

Answer 30

inconsistent triad

Answer 31

god is greater than humans so we cannot understand what he does so we should just accept it. life is a period of testing of people's beliefs in islam, if they keep true to the faith then they will be rewarded with eternal paradise

Answer 32

- imprisonment: offender's freedom is taken away and send them to prison for a while - fine: monetary penalty, failure to pay will lead to imprisonment - community service order: offender needs to do unpaid word in community run by probation service

Answer 33

criminals should be punsihed for thier crimes. the quran has set punishments for some offences (hadd punishments) but evidence is needed for it.

Answer 34

retributive justice theory that makes criminal feel effects of crime, its not personal so not revenge but has to be proportional. the good are rewarded and the lawbreakers are punished.

Answer 35

humanity is a group and organisation is needed to protect the weak from the strong. it needs laws and punishment to make sure all members of society obey these laws and that rest of society is protected from lawbreakers

Answer 36

- protection: from members of society from lawbreakers - deter: law abiding citizens from committing crimes - reformation: rehabilitate criminals so they dont break the law in the future - retribution: make criminals pay for their actions.

Answer 37

- makes criminals to pay for their crimes in proportion - criminals suffer for what they do wrong - actually punishes criminal in the definition way

Answer 38

- the punishment has to be so severe that person doesn't want to commit the crime - if people know the consequence of their actions then they won't do it

Answer 39

- its the only way to stop crime so criminals will become law-abiding citizens - most people commit crime due to their upbringing as they don't know how to live without crime - involve giving educations/ qualifications so criminals can find a proper job so they no longer feel they have to be a criminal

Answer 40

- capital punishment is good as really bad criminals cannot threaten people if they are dead - long prison sentences are good for violent people as they keep people out of society

Answer 41

- based on retribution, deterrence, reformation - imprisonment is used to protect society however compensation is also possible for certain crimes BECAUSE: - hadd punishments are set and are word of god - amputations and whipping allow offender to stay in society but also deters them - deterrence needs very severe punishment like amputation than prison - strict punishment are only given as a last resort and all background of case has to be investigated

Answer 42

muslims should be forgiving because: - on day of judgement they can't ask god for mercy unless they are prepared to forgive others themselves - quran says Muslims should forgive other people's sins and thats the word of god - PM has many hadith were he talked about forgiving others and bring reconciliation to conflicts

Answer 43

many people that are let out of prison get distant from their friends and family. this means that the community needs to forgive offenders and help them reintegrate into law-abiding society so they don't return to a life of crime.

Answer 44

- UK has rehabilitation act where there is a rehab period and then criminals don't need to declare their conviction when applying for a job EXAMPLES: - timpsons offers training days and workshops and starts employing prisoners on day release schemes and only 3 people have reoffended in 12 years - The Joint, a restaurant works with brixton prison to provide employment for those criminals who completed their training at the restaurant

Answer 45

- makes them realise effects of their crime - brings them face to face with their victims - makes them realise that actions can have terrible consequences even if not intentional - helps them determine to turn their backs on crime

Answer 46

- agree with it as its the only way to bring reconciliation and peace between offender and victim which quran encourages - quran says on last day those who haven't faced their evil and repented it (go thru restorative process) will say "Would that I had sent forth good deeds for this my former life"

Answer 47

- most common is from muslims that live in islamic states with western legal systems that think criminals should be treated fairly and punishments should aim at reformation and restorative justice. muslim aid help with this - muslims in countries with shariah law believe criminal should be punished by hadd punishments

Answer 48

- cairo declaration of human rights says that nobody should be subject to torture, arbitrary arrest, maltreatment etc. - PM has hadith to condemn the use of torture - majority of muslim countries signed UN convention against torture

Answer 49

- islamic state that have a western legal system have trials in open courts with a jury system - islamic countries with shariah law dont use jury or sometimes even defence lawyers. crimes against shariah law are prosecuted by the state as hadd crimes all other ones happen between individuals and the judge decides outcome based on shariah

Answer 50

muslims have problems with the gay rights, women rights, sex outside marriage, freedom of speech aspects of UNHR. so they signed alternative one about cairo declaration of human rights which have none of those rights and no equal freedom for women.

Answer 51

- criminals should have a fair trial which helps ensure innocent suspects are treated fairly, they should be allowed legal help themselves, should be treated with humanity - any punishment should be proportionate to the crime - criminal should never be subject to torture - some atheists think that criminals should not be able to use human rights legislation for things that stop them for getting deported etc. they are also more likely to approve for a gov that allows torture to prevent terrorist attacks.

Answer 52

- allow it only for murder, adultery and apostasy but it has to be clearly proven - most agree with it because its a hadd punishment, "take not life.. except by way of justice and the law", PM had hadith agreeing with it, PM sentenced it for murder when he was ruler of madinah - some dont agree as its recommended by quran not compulsory, in some cases daily can accept compensation, dont think capital punishment reduces crimes and possibility of wrong person being convicted

Answer 53

- a group of humanists call for the abolition of death penalty as it denies the right to life as said in UNHR. also reject because no court system can be sure correct verdict is always given, stats show death penalty makes murder rate higher, many murderers dont expect to be caught so dont really think about it anyway - other atheists believe that needed for murders, especially terrorism as it removes terrorists so they cant reoffend, they are a big threat and this keeps them out of society, life is most important thing and this value can be shown through death penalty

Answer 54

1) shahadah - declaration of faith 2) salah - ritual prayer 3) zakah - compulsory giving to the poor 4) sawm - fasting during ramadan 5) hajj - annual pilgrimage to makkah

Answer 55

1) salah = ritual prayer 2) sawm = fasting during ramadan 3) zakah = compulsory giving to the poor 4) hajj = annual pilgrimage to makkah 5) khums = special type of zakah where fifth of income is given 6) jihad = the struggle to be a good muslim 7) amr bil maruf = always doing that which is good 8) nahi anil munkar = always avoiding that which is evil 9) tawalla = loving the relatives of the prophet 10) tabarra = hating those who hate allah

Answer 56

developed by 12 Imams who were descendants of PM perhaps before sunnis adopted shahadah as a pillar but its regard as essential to being a muslim. developed to differentiate shias and sunnis.

Answer 57

- acts were established by PM, Ali and Imams - Allah will punish those who dont fulfil the acts - major way of differentiation - by doing them they feel confident that they will go to heaven on day of judgement

Answer 58

it was part of the message given to Adam so it began with him. muslims would face jerusalem and prostrate themselves as a sign of their submission to god

Answer 59

5 times a day, time is announced by muezzin from minaret of the mosque. muslims must remove their shoes and then perform wudu, to pray they face makkah

Answer 60

its a good way of binding family, also often easier for girls and women to pray at home

Answer 61

its preferable here as you should "bow down your head with those who bow down in worship", men and women must be separated, worshippers stand in lines behind the imam

Answer 62

quran says "When the call is proclaimed to prayer on friday, hasten earnestly to the remembrance of god". at least 40 adult males must attend for prayer and then the imam preaches a sermon giving advice on how to live a good muslim life

Answer 63

- puts them in direct contact with god 5 times a day - reminds them everyday that they have submitted themselves to god - unites them with other muslims to stand in lines doing and saying the same things

Answer 64

- weekly worship includes sermon - both worships involve praying for the needs of others - worship involves whole congregation saying prayers together

Answer 65

- muslims must perform wudu Christians dont but they may sprinkle holy as they enter - muslims worship in arabic and Christians worship in their native language - muslim special worship day is friday, Christian special worship day is sunday

Answer 66

ramadan is a traditional month and it falls on a fixed time every year where muslims used to voluntarily fast but now its become a compulsory fast. muhammad observed his first ramadan after surah 2 was revealed.

Answer 67

- keeping fast is fulfilling 4th pillar - promotes self control which is needed for muslims to practise their faith properly - fasting brings muslims closer to god so they can concentrate on god not on ordinary things

Answer 68

its the night of power and it was the night when muhammad received the first revelation of the quran

Answer 69

- praying on this night is the best payer as its better than 1000 months of prayers - praying in moque can bring forgiveness of sins - praying on this night brings religious insight "therein come down the angles and spirit by allah's permission"

Answer 70

- remembers and celebrates revelation of quran which is final unalterable word of god. - remembers and celebrates calling of muhammad to be the last and final messenger - some believe its when muhammad made his night journey to heaven when god gave him details of salah

Answer 71

"Alms are for poor and needy,, bondage and debt", from this verse zakah is used for orphans and widows and poor people. they give it to charities helping the poor in less developed countries as they think that this is the spirit of zakah.

Answer 72

- 3rd pillar of islam which all muslims should fulfil - paying zakah is a sign of submission to god and worship of god - zakah means purification as wealth can be evil then zakah is given to purify the wealth - some teachings connect zakah and salah as they are associated with purifying and god is more likely to accept prayers if zakah is paid

Answer 73

- ensures descendants of prophet are cared for - ensure religious leaders are properly cared for and are independent of state control - to provide security for poor, homeless and orphans - to provide and support religious institutions, schools, mosques

Answer 74

- commanded by quran - way of supporting descendants of prophets which has special reverence for shias - commanded by shia religious lawyers - way of supporting and spreading shia islam

Answer 75

- know they have helped a fellow muslims purify their money - know that they helped a muslim have their sins forgiven - know they have been part of god's plan to redistribute wealth from rich to poor

Answer 76

hajj celebrates many historic events like founding of kaaba. there were pilgrimages when makkah was a non-islamic state but muhammad was given a vision from god where he saw the events of hajj.

Answer 77

- fulfil final pillar so live full muslim life - follow example of the prophet by going in places he did - visit holy sites to feel holiness - remember ancient nature of islam that began with adam

Answer 78

- pilgrim is fulfilled the fifth pillar - pilgrim followed action of hte prophet - pilgrim showed their devotion to god by taking part in a very expensive and physically demanding activity

Answer 79

- have to cope with huge crowds, 1800 people were crushed in a stampede in 2015 - cope with language barriers as many people cannot understand the arabic of the saudi controllers - cope with the hypocrisy of rich and powerful getting preferential treatment at hajj where everyone is supposed to be equal

Answer 80

- fulfilled fifth pillar so can die happy - taken part in holiest event of islam by fulfilling dangerous trip - has their sins forgiven so they can now live their life as a perfect Muslim - can be called hajji when they returned home which is a title of honour and will be regarded

Answer 81

from the quran saying that "listen not the unbelievers but strive against them"

Answer 82

greater jihad is the struggle to make oneself a perfect muslin. lesser jihad is the struggle to remove evil from society.

Answer 83

- some think lesser jihad prescribes holy way against non-muslims to bring them into islam. - others feel that they are entitled to wage a holy war against non muslims and call themselves jihadi. this is because PM was forced to fight and defend islam and islam also says that those who die fighting in a holy way go straight to heaven.

Answer 84

being a good muslim involves a lot of struggle. muslims living in non-islamic states face struggle to avoid interest e.g. a good muslim wouldn't use a credit card. they should also avoid haram food and keeping 5 pillars is also a struggle. so its important as everyday life is jihad to be a good muslim.

Answer 85

wear their best clothes and go to mosque for special congregation prayer where there is a special khutba (sermon). in rural communities they they sacrifice an animal in urban they share a meal and buy an animal to be killed and give special zakah to poor.

Answer 86

by god testing ibrahim to sacrifice his son and he sent animal sacrifice instead.

Answer 87

- follow footsteps of prophet ibrahim and PM - sharing in the hajj - symbolically sacrificing themselves to god - sharing the good things of life with the poor - uniting the family as it is a great family celebration

Answer 88

- ramadan has ended so they completed a great religious feat and will gain many benefits - their sins have been forgiven - they have become closer to god - the fast is over and they can eat and drink in daylight again

Answer 89

from month long fast of ramadan and need to celebrate the end of the fast and its successful completion. celebrated by Pm and muslims will feel they are becoming close to him while they celebrate as they are copying him.

Answer 90

gifts exchanged, new clothes are bought for children, special services are held in the mosque or in open air if there are likely to be many people. there are special prayers to thinak god and khutba (sermon).

Answer 91

for shias this is when muhammad appointed ali as his successor. they celebrate by fasting, ritual bathing, special service, sermon, food is given to poor muslims after the service.

Answer 92

- means that ali should have been first caliph - shia beliefs about ali are correct shias are true followers of PM as the followed his request to make ali his successor

Answer 93

the reject it as it makes no sense that Pm would do this at ghadeer khum when he could have done it at the end of hajj in makkah. they claim shias have misinterpreted PM defending ali at ghadeer after he had been slandered.

Answer 94

remembrance where PM's grandson husayn who is regarded as the third imam by shias was killed by yazid in battle.

Answer 95

shias wear mourning attire, refrain from msuic, fast, treat it as a time for self-reflection. many whip and cut themsleves as a sign of devotion.

Answer 96

- gives shias a chance to remember the great betrayal of islam by sunnis - allows shias to show their devotion to the imams - time when shias can show they stand for the forces of good and are opposed to the forces of evil

Answer 97

- islam is derived from a word meaning peace in arabic - muslims describe islamic states as the abode of peace and the countries outside of islma are the abode war

Answer 98

- islam teaches accepting islam beings inner peace though submitting to the will of allah - when they have inner peace they can have peaceful relationships with other - quran calls islam "dar as salaam" - islam teaches that true peace both within and between people comes form accepting islam and living its ways

Answer 99

they are aksed to tkae a balanced approach and seek justice as way making peace

Answer 100

- god is merciful to sinners to muslims should be forgiving to those who cause them offence - on day of judgment how can they ask forgiveness - quran says muslims should forgive other people's sins against them and muslims should believe it is the word of god

Answer 101

- ahmadiyaa is a sect that clearly regards message of islam as a peaceful one. They hold annual peace forums where they discuss how islam can come together with other religions. also speak out on any terrorist activities committed on the name of islam. - muslim peace fellowship was the first org that was devoted tot theory and practice of islamic non-violence.

Answer 102

religion, politics + hisotry + culture, resources,

Answer 103

- if a war is just muslims must fight it and they must fight if they are attacked - PM fought wars in self defence - any war is which they would be the aggressor they shouldn't fight - they cannot go to war over: taking resources, forcing country/people to be muslim, changing political leadership/ ideology of another country, changing the suture of a country

Answer 104

- good way to end wars is to get rid of religion - humanists think a way of peace-making is to challenge religious leaders to show where their religion is wrong e.g. showing muslims they cannot prove the quran is the word of god - humanists believe they should make the UN stronger as a peace keeping force so the world is fair

Answer 105

humanists would apply this to he causes of war. they will look at the causes and effects of war and decide what would be the most loving outcome.

Answer 106

- most do not agree as quran encourages jihad that is often translated as holy war - but there is some tradition of passive resistance like Khan Abdul Ghaffar who was the most famous muslim pacifist who organised anon-violent movement campaigning of the independence of a united into from british rule.

Answer 107

- most of them are opposed to war so they helped set up the UN - as they dont believe in an afterlife it makes human life more valuable so they dont want to have war due to its destructive nature - criticise parts of religion that encourage and support wars

Answer 108

- cause of war is just - being fought by authority of UN - being fought by the intention of restoring peace - begun as a last resort all non-violent methods have been tired - reasonable chance of success - methods avoid killing civilians - only proportional methods of response as used

Answer 109

- must be fought for a just cause (islam is being attacked, people are suffering injustice, self defence) - must be authorised by a muslim authority - must be at last resort - must be ended as soon as enemy lays down their arms

Answer 110

- quran says muslims must fight if they are attacked - PM fought in wars - PM made many hadith saying that muslims must fight in just wars - quran says anyone fighting in just war will go to heaven

Answer 111

- must be fought to achieve a religious goal - must be authorised by a religious leader - must promise a spiritual reward for those who fight in it

Answer 112

the first crusade that was called by Pope Urban II to free jerusalem from muslim invaders to bring it back to chrisitan control.

Answer 113

- to defend islam - to strengthen islam - to protect the freedom of muslims to practice their faith - to protect muslims against attack - to put right a wrong

Answer 114

both would see it as indefensible as religion is misguided. most would accept the just war theory as its based on reason and moral views. but to fight a war over religious ideas seem ridiculous to them.

Answer 115

nuclear, chemical, biological

Answer 116

atomic bombs

Answer 117

any toxic chemical that can cause death, injury, temporary irritation or sensory irritation

Answer 118

nerve agents like sarins, blood agents like hydrogen cyanide

Answer 119

include things as bacteria, viruses, fungi

Answer 120

- when 2 countries have it they will hesitate to attack each other, theory is called mutually assured destruction (MAD) - biological and chemical weapons dont destroy buildings so they are an efficiently way of destroying an army - those using weapons can be protected from their effects by using gas masks etc

Answer 121

- deliberately target innocent civilians - nuclear weapons have power to threaten world extinction and leave the earth uninhabitable - biological and chemical weapons can potentially kill as many people as nuclear weapons although they act more slower than bombs or missiles - nobody knows what will happen when large quantities of gas are released into the atmosphere which are uncontrollable

Answer 122

- islamic teachings of just war make it hard to justify to use WMD - islam prohibits the killing of innocent civilians or vulnerable population in war - pakistan is the only muslim country that has WMD but they haven't given any islamic justification for having it - iran's spiritual leader condemned the use of WMD in 2015

Answer 123

they do not support it but some may say that it is acceptable in a world of nuclear weapons as a deterrent but never use them

Answer 124

- some are against as they think life and earth is all we have so WMD isnt right as it destroys life - others agree as a means of self-defence to frighten enemies. they accept the concept of WMD has kept peace and would be prepared to use them if need arose. some may use utilitarianism as countries that have nuclear weapons will never face effects of war so it brings "greatest happiness to greatest people".

Answer 125

they are against the use except under legal authority because: islamic society is based on mutual respect, using violence without a just cause is sinful according to islam, islam teaches its the duty of muslim to protect the weak and innocent not to attack them

Answer 126

- they prohibit terrorism as islam doesn't allow killing of innocent cilvilians - suicide is haram in islam so suicide bombings isnt allowed - murder is haram as its condemned in both quran and hadith - PM said those who kill in the name of islam go to hell as "they weren't truly for the sake of god"

Answer 127

the muslim council of Britain has - paid for adverts condemning terror in name of many UK muslim groups - encouraged community effort to report criminal activities - initial national process to explore grassroots responses to terrorism - worked closely with muslim communities to develop successful counter-terrorism policy

Answer 128

humanists think its wrong for civilians to be directly targeted by violence to achieve a political, religious or social aim. there is no justification to target civilians who cant alter what terrorist want. most humanists agree with this but those who have political beliefs that they treat like religion will find it justifiable.

ISLAM PAPER 2 Flashcards

(152 cards)