ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Flashcards
1
Q
refers to the building traditions of Muslim populations in the Middle East and other areas where Islam has ruled since the 7th century
A
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
2
Q
The religion of Islam began in?
A
Arabia
3
Q
Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
A
610 AD
4
Q
Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and to accept the will of god
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Islam
5
Q
what was the message from Allah that the Arabs rejected?
A
to stop worshipping false idols and to accept the will of god “Islam”
6
Q
Muhammad moved to Medina and converted the people to Islam
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622 AD, the Hegira
7
Q
Within ____________, the framework of religion and military organizations tasked with spreading the faith was established
A
10 years
8
Q
This city then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all its idols and converted it to Islam
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Medina
9
Q
Muhammad died in _________, but his Muslim followers were ready to spread his teachings
A
632 AD
10
Q
Concerted efforts by conquering ___________ to spread Islam
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Arabic tribes
11
Q
- North into __________
- Westward to _______
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Central Asia; Africa
12
Q
Along trade routes into ______
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India
13
Q
Among the _______ and Mongols
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Turks
14
Q
Spread of Islam is associated with?
A
military conquest and racial movements
15
Q
Establish a cultural tie with the _____________, with the _______________________
A
Arabian heartland; annual pilgrimage to Mecca
16
Q
In the alluvial plains, brickmaking and walling were universal, and __________ was widely available as a commodity.
A
MARBLE
17
Q
Public life was reserved for?
A
men
18
Q
women had a secondary role
A
for domestic and agricultural work
19
Q
people of the book
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Christians and Jews
20
Q
They were given the freedom of worship and self-government
A
Christians and Jews
21
Q
Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings from?
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Greek, Persian, and Indian
22
Q
Rulers and scholars were interested in?
A
mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy, and science
23
Q
The Arab tribes who spearheaded the spread of Islam were?
A
tribal
24
Q
The Arab tribes who spearheaded the spread of Islam were tribal, and as a result, emerging Islamic communities’ behavior patterns and cultural characteristics were founded on?
A
desert customs
25
Over the years, as Muslim communities stabilized, a ______________________formed in which public activity was reserved for men.
distinct social pattern
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played a secondary role
Women
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Women played a secondary role, virtuallY
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submission to Allah's will
Islam
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the world's second-largest religion
Islam
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Islam, or submission to Allah's will, is the world's second-largest religion, with around how many followers?
1.9 billion followers
31
Allah translates literally as?
"the God"
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meaning the one true God and the same one worshipped by the Christians and Jews.
Allah
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It is the third of the Abrahamic religions.
Islam
34
Islam was founded by the ____________ in _____
Prophet Muhammad; 610
35
Where did the Prophet Muhammad founded Islam?
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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the most important city in Islam
Mecca
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it would be the counterpart of Jerusalem for the Christians and Jews
Mecca
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Last of 3 great religions of the Middle East
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
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Muhammad is the prophet
One god Allah
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is held to be Allah's will for creation
Faith
41
opposite to Iconography of Christianity
Abhorrence of image worship
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Arabic: “Recitation”
Qurʾān
43
Qurʾān is also spelled as?
Quran and Koran
44
the sacred scripture of Islam
Qurʾān/Quran/Koran
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According to conventional Islamic belief, this was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns of Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad’s death in 632 CE.
the Qurʾān
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wrote down the words of angels who brought him messages from Allah
Muhammad
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After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy book
Muhammad; Qurʾān
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Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to praise him
Qurʾān
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Muhammad began to preach the message of submission to God, which the angel had revealed to him. This included the?
Five Pillars of Islam
50
Five Pillars of Islam
- Shahada
- Salah
- Zakat
- Sawm
- Haj
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the fundamental profession of faith
Shahada
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"There is no God but God (Allah), and Muhammad is His Messenger." This is stated three times in front of a witness to become a Muslim.
Shahada
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the ritual prayer toward Mecca, completed five times a day.
Salah
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the obligatory donation to
charity.
Zakat
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the obligatory fasting during the month of Ramadan
Sawm
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pilgrimage to Mecca that lasts five days and is obligatory at least once in every Muslim's life.
Haj
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It is believed that this five-day event at the Kaaba in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam, washes away every Muslim pilgrim's sins in the eyes of God.
Haj
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holy war
jihad
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sometimes added as a pillar to spread the faith and defend it from attack
jihad
60
Islamic Architectural Character
* Balance and symmetry
* Concept of perfect creation
* Formal Landscape
* Centered upon God
* Use of Striated Masonry
61
discourages innovations and favors established forms
Basic conservatism
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as in the concept of perfect creation
Symmetry and balance
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Related to a principal axis, the ________, pointing toward Mecca
kiblah
64
Islamic Decorative
Elements (Decoration)
* instead of human and animal forms:
abstract and geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric interlacement, moldings and friezes, carvings in bas relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork, ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay, Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
65
Islamic Decorative Elements (Geometric Pattern)
The Islamic emphasis on repetition, balance, symmetry, and pattern formation is
exemplified by these designs. Geometry combined with optical effects such as balancing
positive and negative areas, as well as sophisticated use of color and tonal values
66
Islamic Decorative Elements (Calligraphy)
All the letter proportions are mathematically
determined. Inscriptions are commonly utilized as a frame along and around major architectural elements such as gateways and cornices
67
________________, like other Islamic decorations is closely tied to geometry.
Calligraphy
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refers to floral motifs created by combining lines and vegetal elements, which can be
flowers, leaves, or tree branches.
Arabesque
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can be found covering surfaces on buildings like mosques, as well as items like ceramic tiles and glassware
Decorative arabesque patterns
70
The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah in prayer
Mosque/Masjid
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mosques were built wherever Islam had sprea
* Principal place of worship
* Building used for Friday prayer
* Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer
* Could also be used as a school, place for
transactions, storage for treasures, place
for hearing official notices
* Masjid
* Madrassah
72
small prayer house
Masjid
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religious college and mosque
Madrassah
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* Inward-looking building
* Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer chambers, and porches
* No positive object of attention or adoration
* Conceived around an axis toward Mecca
Mosque/Masjid
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In every mosque, there is _________________________________, showing the direction of Mecca
a wall with a hole or niche cut into it
76
biggest Mosque/Masjid
Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque
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collegiate Mosque, for learning
Madrasah
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cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature
Sahn
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fountain
Fawwara
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niche oriented towards Mecca
Mihrab
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reading desk
Dikka
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screen
Maqsura
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Minbar
a raised platform for ceremonial announcements
84
open-fronted porch facing a court
Iwan
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Prayer hall
Liwan
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tower from which a call to prayer is made
Minaret
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axis oriented towards Mecca
Kiblah
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colonnade or arcade
Liwanit or Riwaq
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A cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature
Sahn
90
Ablution fountain.
Fawwara
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Niche oriented towards Mecca.
Mihrab
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Reading desk
Dikka
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Screen/Divider
Maqsura
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Raised platform for ceremonial announcements
Minbar
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Open-fronted porch facing a court.
Iwan
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Prayer hall
Liwan
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Tower from which a call to prayer is made.
Minaret
98
appear as a part of the architecture of Mosques in the form of towers and it often features one or more balconies.
Minarets
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The towers act as visual aids to direct people towards the mosque, and they also act as focal points during the Islamic call for prayers.
Minarets
100
The forms of the minarets commonly seen range from
thick, squat, spiral ramps to soaring, delicate, pencil-thin spires.
101
The base of these minarets is usually?
square in shape
102
The number of minarets found in mosques varies from
one to six
103
These Minaret towers stand as the?
Landmarks of Islam
104
Islam Faith Personalities
- Muezzin
- Imam
- Caliph
- Sufi
105
caller who summons the faithful to prayer
Muezzin
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a man who leads the congregation in prayer
Imam
107
successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or spiritual leader of Islam
Caliph
108
holy man
Sufi
109
Domes usually appear as a part of roofs and ceilings and are hemispherical structures.
Domes
110
It can stand upon a rotunda structure, a drum, or a system of interlocking pendentives.
Domes
111
The apex of the dome may feature an _________ to permit natural light inside.
Oculus
112
Domes made their first appearance in?
Mesopotamian Architecture
113
They adopted the dome as one of its main features after getting influenced by the model of the pre-existing Byzantine domes in Ottoman architecture.
Islamic Architecture
114
Different types of domes include?
Onion Domes, Beehive Domes, Braced Domes, Coved Domes, Compound Domes, Crossed-Arch Domes, Ellipsoidal Domes, Geodesic Domes etc.
115
They are prominent elements found in Islamic Architecture and their placement usually defines the entrances to buildings and rooms.
Arches
116
Different types of arches include?
Pointed Arches, Ogee Arches, Horseshoe Arches, and Multifoil Arches.
117
The double-arched system of the __________________________ and, the pointed arches of the _________________ provide excellent examples of how arches become indispensable features of Islamic architecture.
Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba; Al-Aqsa mosque
118
resemble stalactites or honeycombs and become the 3d sculptural ornamentations that often appear as a part of vaults.
Muqarnas made its first appearance in the Mesopotamian region and the North-Eastern Iran region. One of the largest Muqarnas belongs to the Jazira region of Eastern Syria and Iran.
Muqarnas
119
The underside of domes, pendentives, arches, vaults, squinches etcetera usually host the?
Muqarnas
120
The word ‘Muqarna’ stems from the Arabic word _______ meaning ‘Intricate Work’.
Qarnasi
121
form an integral part of Islamic Architecture as it symbolizes the vastness and complexity of Islamic ideology.
Muqarnas
122
Muqarnas made its first appearance in the?
Mesopotamian region and the North-Eastern Iran region
123
One of the largest Muqarnas belongs to the?
Jazira region of Eastern Syria and Iran
124
are a traditional Persian architectural design that creates natural ventilation in buildings.
Windcatchers
125
The basic design consists of a tower that rises from a building below, with openings at the top.
Windcatchers
126
It one of the largest cities in Iran, is known as the “City of Windcatchers.”
Yazd
127
It has a very hot and dry climate, perfect for this type of cooling device (wind catcher).
Yazd
128
other term for windcatcher
wind scoop
129
entered the Islamic world during the Umayyad Dynasty.
Hypostyle Halls
130
The shape of these halls is typically rectangular or square, and the columns are arranged according to a grid pattern.
Hypostyle Halls
131
The columns provide the impression of a boundless expanse, increasing the spiritual metaphor and visual aesthetics which narrates the description of the groundwork behind the existing science, technologies, and civilizations.
Hypostyle Halls
132
In congregational mosques, the prayer halls follow the?
hypostyle form
133
located in the city of Istanbul proves to be a good instance of a hypostyle mosque
Hagia Sophia mosque
134
These gardens provide respite during summer to the people.
Paradise Gardens
135
The gardens display water features like large marble fountains and ponds adorned with lotuses and lilies.
Paradise Gardens
136
Paradise gardens often have a ____________
layout.
quadrilateral
137
it also can be linked to serenity and a literary sense.
Islamic gardens
138
located in proximity to the Taj Mahal is a good example of an Islamic garden.
Charbagh
139
It serves as a symbol of purity and life, as well as a practical tool for cleansing the body and cooling the air.
water
140
plays an important role in Islamic architecture, which emphasizes rich, detailed designs
water
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