Islamic iberia

Question 1

Caliphate

Answer 1

political-religious state. an area where religious Muslims lived under the leadership of a caliph

Question 2

Pact of Umar

Answer 2

a template for peace with the Christians of syria

Question 3

Umayyad Empire

Answer 3

second caliphate established after death of Muhammad

Question 4

Jizya

Answer 4

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Question 5

Dhimmi

Answer 5

• aka protected persons
• state obliged under sharia to protect life, property, religious freedom if loyal and paid the jizya tax
• appled to jews, christians, sabiand and later zoroastrians, sikhs, hindus, jains, buddists

Question 6

Caliph al-Walid I

Answer 6

patron of the Great Mosque of Damascus appointed the son of a freed slave

Question 7

Minaret

Answer 7

a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Question 8

Mihrab

Answer 8

a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.

Question 9

Qibla

Answer 9

the direction of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at prayer.

Question 10

Corinithian columns

Answer 10

decorative, ball-shaped capital with volutes, two rows of acanthus leaves and an elaborate cornice

Question 11

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Answer 11

• Amazigh commander
• launched a campaign on Iberia in 711 with a majority Amazigh army
• defeated Roderic

Question 12

Roderic

Answer 12

last king of the Visigothic kingdom

Question 13

Abd al-Aziz

Answer 13

• Arab general
• first Umayyad Governor of al-Andalus
• son of Musa
• conquered Hispalis/Ispala
• negotiated the Treaty of Tumir
• married the widow of the Roderic
• assassinated by court politics

Question 14

Umayyad province of al-Andalus

Answer 14

• plagued by chaos
• most of the Iberian peninsula became part of the expanding Umayyad Empire
• include Huvela, Cadiz, Sevilla, Malaga, Cordoba, Jaen, Granada, and Almeria

Question 15

Ispal

Answer 15

• original name of the city of Seville
• meaning flat land

Question 16

Hispalis

Answer 16

• ancient name of Seville
• developed into one of the great market and industrial centers of Hispania

Question 17

Julia Romula

Answer 17

• aka Seville
• by Julius Ceaser, who made it an official Roman colony

Question 18

Treaty of Tudmir

Answer 18

• provided the local Christian population with freedom to continue practicing their faith, in exchange for loyalty to ruling Muslims and payment of yearly taxes

Question 19

Abd al-Rahman I

Answer 19

• grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
• established the Emirate of Cordoba independent of the Abbasid Caliphate making Baghdad its capital

Question 20

al-wadi al-kabir

Answer 20

‘big river/water’ referred to this by the Arabs

Question 21

Abbasids

Answer 21

• member of the Abbasid dynasty
  -ruled Baghdad
• consolidated Islamic rule and cultivated great intellectual and cultural developments in Middle East

Question 22

Emirate of Cordoba

Answer 22

756-929 CE, medieval Islamic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula

Question 23

Musa ibn Nusayr

Answer 23

• Umayyad governor and Arab general under Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I
• ruled over Muslim provinces Africa
• initiated the invasion of Spain

Question 24

Egilona

Answer 24

• Visigothic noblewoman, last known Queen
• first wife of Roderic, then Abd-al aziz

Question 25

Abd al-Rahman III

Answer 25

- cultural patron - expanded the Mosque of Cordoba and bult the palace city of Madinat al-Zahra - encouraged learning and scholarship

Question 26

3 Caliphates

Answer 26

Islamic world organized into the Cordoba Caliphate of Iberia, Fatimids of N. Africa, and Abbasids of W. Asia

Question 27

Abbasid knowledge revolution

Answer 27

- initiated a major intellectual and technological revolution founded upon uniting ancient translation movements and made Arabic a major language of science and culture

Question 28

Multi-foil Arch

Answer 28

- developed by the Umayyads - architects experimented with both hollow/concave lobes and protruding/convex lobes in the relieving arches above the doors

Question 29

Al-Hakam II

Answer 29

- son of Abd al Rahman III - secured peace wiht the Catholic Kingdoms of nothern Iberia - made use of stability to develop agriculture through construction of irrigation works

Question 30

Al-Mansur (Almanzor)

Answer 30

- Abbasid ruler - Overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate - Established Baghdad as the capital

Question 31

Apse

Answer 31

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church