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Isssues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is free will

A

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biologically or external forces

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2
Q

What is determinism

A

The view that an individuals behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal and external forces rather than individuals will to do something

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3
Q

What is hard determinisms

A

Implies that free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal or external events beyond our control

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4
Q

What is soft determinism

A

All events have causes but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absence of coercion

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5
Q

What is biological determinism

A

The belief that our behaviour is caused by biological influence we can’t control

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6
Q

What is environmental determinism

A

The belief that our behaviour is caused by features of the environment we cannot control

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7
Q

What is physics determinism

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control

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8
Q

What is holism

A

An argument of theory which proposes that it only makes sense to study an individuals system rather than its constituent parts

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9
Q

What is reductionism

A

The belief that human behaviour is best understood by studying the smaller constituent parts

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10
Q

What is biological reductionism

A

A form of reductionism which attempts to explain behaviour at the lowest level (in terms of gene)

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11
Q

What is environmental reductionism

A

The attempt to explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus response through links that have been learned through experience

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12
Q

What is nature-nurture debate

A

Concerned with the extent to which aspects of behaviour are a product of inherited or acquired characteristics

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13
Q

What is heredity

A

The genetic transmission of both mental and physical characteristics from one generation to another

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14
Q

What is the environment

A

Any influence on human behaviour that is non genetic

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15
Q

What is interactionist approach

A

A way of explaining the development of behaviours in terms of a range of factors including biological and psychological ones

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16
Q

What is free will

A

Behaviour is governed by our choices (humanistic approach)

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17
Q

What is determinsims

A

Our behaviour is shaped by external and internal factors

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18
Q

What are the two forms of determinisms

A

Soft
Hard

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19
Q

What is hard determinism

A

All elements of our behaviour are determined so exclude any possibility of free will

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20
Q

What is soft determinsims

A

Some elements of our behaviour are determined and the rest is open to free will

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21
Q

What is biological determinism

A

The belief our behaviour is determined by biological influences such as genetics, neurotransmitters and hormones

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22
Q

What are examples of biological determinism

A

OCD/schizophrenia/aggression

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23
Q

What is environmental determinism

A

Our behaviour is determined by the environment

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24
Q

What are examples of environmental determinism

A

Phobias

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25
What is psychic determinism
Our behaviour is determined by psychic (psychodynamic) unconscious forces
26
What an example of psychic determinism
Frueds psychodynamic theory
27
What is scientific emphasis on casual explanations of free will and determinism
Lab experiment is used to control all variables in an attempt to establish cause and effect
28
What is holism
The idea the complex behaviours cannot be fully explained by constituent parts Reductionism
29
What is reductionism
The idea that human behaviour can be fully explained by constituent parts
30
What are the types of determinism
Biological Psychic Environmental
31
What are the types of reductionism
Biological Environmental
32
What is biological reductionism
A form of reductionism that explains social and psychological phenomenon at lower level (genes hormones)
33
What is environmental reductionism
A form of reductionism that explains all behaviour in terms of stimulus response links that have been learnt
34
What are examples of biological reductionism
OCD Aggression Schizophrenia
35
What is an example of environmental reductionism
Learning theory of attachment
36
What is level of explanation
The idea that any behaviour can be explained at different reduction At the top is holistic level were no reduction is suggested At other end is the level of physics where explaining explaining is reduced to atoms or smaller
37
What is nature
The idea behaviour is a consequences of heredity(innate)
38
What are people who believe in nature called
Nativist
39
What is a nativist
Someone who believes behaviour is a consequence of heredity
40
What is nurture
The idea that our behaviour is a consequnce of the environment (learned)
41
What is empiricists
Behaviour is a consequences of the environment
42
What is diathesis - stress
Model suggests behaviour is caused by biological vulnerability which is expressed by an environment ‘trigger’
43
What is epigenetic
Refers to genes being ‘switched off/on’ by the environment Our experience epigenetic leave ‘marks’ our DNA and can be passed on to offspring
44
What is universality
An underlying characteristic of human beings that can be applied to all despite experiences
45
What is gender bias
Research or theory that does not represent men or women (usually women)
46
What is alpha bias
Research that focuses on differences between men and women and they’re exaggerated these differences
47
What is beta bias
Research that focuses on similarities between men and women and they’re minimises any difference
48
What is androcentrism
Male centred, when ‘normal’ behaviour is judged from a male perspective
49
What is cultural bias
The tendency to judge all phenomena through the ‘lens’ of ones own culture Ignoring other cultures
50
What is ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own cultures In its extreme form it is a belief in the superiority of one culture
51
What is culture relativism
The idea that a norms and standards can only be understood within specific social and cultural settings
52
What is an idiographic approach
An approach to research that focuses more on the individual case as a way of understanding behaviour
53
What is a nomothetic approach
An approach to reserach that attempts to study behaviour through the development of general principles and universal laws
54
What is ethical implications
The impact that research psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people especially participants
55
What is socially sensitive
Studies in which there are potential consequences or implications either for the participants in the research or for the class of individuals represented by research
56
What is gender bias
When differences between gender have not been considered properly evading to a biased or potentially biased conclusion
57
What does gender bias cause
This undermines psychology’s claim to universality - that conclusions can be drawn to everyone everywhere regardless of time or culture
58
What is alpha bias
Where any differences that might exist between males and females are exaggerated
59
What’s are examples of alpha bias
Friends psychosexual theory evaluationary explanations of relationship
60
What is beta bias
Where any differences that mighty exist between males and females are ignored or minimized
61
What’s an example of beta bias
Fight or flight response ( tend and befriend) Asch Zimbardo Milgrams
62
What is andocentrism
A gender bias that leans particularly in favouring males because reserach comes from a male centred view of the world
63
What is an example of andocentrism
Frueds psychosexual theory
64
What is culture bias
When differences between cultures have not been considered properly leading to a biased or potentially biased conclusion
65
What does culture bias cause
Undermines psychology’s universality that conclusions can be drawn to everyone regardless of time or culture
66
What is enthocentirnism
A cultural bias that leans in favour of a particular culture Judging others by norms and standards of ones own culture
67
What can enthocentrenism look like
Extreme form involves the belief in the superiority of ones own culture
68
What is eccentric
Particular focused on the western worlds view point
69
What is an example of eccentric
Strange situation
70
What is cultural relativism
The view that norms and standards can only be understood within specific social and cultural settings
71
What is an etic approach
Looks at behaviour from outside of a culture
72
An example of an etic approach
Strange situation
73
What is an emic approach
Looks at a behaviour from inside a culture
74
What is reflectivity
Recognising the effect theories own values and assumptions have on the natures of their work
75
What is an idiographic approach
Conduct research on individuals Look how individuals behave and how they differ
76
What are the methods of using an idiographic approach
Case studies Interviews
77
What’s a strength of using an idiographic approach
Complete account (HM)
78
What’s a weakness of an idiographic approach
Narrow vies
79
What is a nomothetic approach
Conducting research in large groups Using group data in order to create theories and laws about peoples behaviour in general
80
What’s is a strength of a nomothetic approach
Scientific( objective reliable systematic )
81
What is a weakness of a nomothetic approach
Ignores subjectivity
82
What are the ways we can use Nomothetic approach
Experiment Correlational research
83
What is an ethical implication
Consequences of psychological research once its been conducted How it is repressed (or misrepresented) in the media
84
What is socially sensitive research
Research that may have implications for the class of individuals represented in the research
85
What is an example of socially sensitive reserach
Bowlby monotropic theory Bowlbys maternal deprivation Treatments
86
What are the effects of ethical issues in socially sensitive research
Effects on particpants Effects of publications on wider public Potential use of findings
87
What’s an example of effects of reserach on particpants
Studies of domestic abuse
88
What’s an example of effects of publication on wider public
Studies of mental disorders
89
What could social sensitive findings potential be used for
Giving credence to prejudice allocation of resources Changes in legislation

Psychology (17 decks)

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