issues and debates

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular group of people or society

Question 2

culture bias

Answer 2

tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of your own culture

Question 3

cultural relativism

Answer 3

behaviour differs across cultures
- behaviour only has meaning when considering the context at which it occurs

Question 4

ethnocentrism

Answer 4

judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own culture
- extreme type of culture bias

Question 5

universality

Answer 5

behaviours are the same across cultures

Question 6

emic research

Answer 6

research conducted inside a specific culture, aiming to identify behaviours that are specific to that culture

Question 7

imposed etic

Answer 7

assumes behaviour from one culture can be applied universally

Question 8

examples of culture bias in research

Answer 8

• milgram
• asch

Question 9

WEIRD samples

Answer 9

Western
Educated
Industrialised societies
Rich
Democratic

Question 10

limitation of culture bias
- innacurate understanding of behaviour

Answer 10

• asch + milgram studied with white, middle class Americans

Question 11

limitation of culture bias
- negative implications for society

Answer 11

• IQ test were given to 1.75 million soldiers in WWI
• contained questions about america
• non-americans scored low results and were labelled as intellectually inferior

Question 12

strength of culture bias
- developments

Answer 12

• cultural psychology is new branch of psychology that has developed

Question 13

reducing cultural bias

Answer 13

• use researchers familiar/native to the culture that is being studied
• cross-cultural research
• reflexive approach
• no assumptions

Question 14

CRRISSE acronym

Answer 14

Cross-cultural research
Representative sample
Reflexive approach
Immersion
Standards
Sensitive research
Emic approach

Question 15

gender bias

Answer 15

the differential treatment and/or representation of males and females, based on stereotypes and not real differences

Question 16

alpha bias

Answer 16

refers to theories which exaggerate differences between males and females
- freud

Question 17

beta bias

Answer 17

refers to theories which minimise differences between males and females
- asch (males)
- milgram (males)
- moscovici (women)

Question 18

how to deal with beta bias

Answer 18

• include samples with both genders
• if one gender is used, make it clear and don’t apply it to another gender

Question 19

androcentrism

Answer 19

theories focused on males
- Asch

Question 20

gynocentricism

Answer 20

theories focused on women
- Moscovici

Question 21

free will vs determinism

Answer 21

is human behaviour determined by factors such as biology and experience or do humans freely decide how to behave?

Question 22

free will

Answer 22

humans make life choices that are not determined by biological or environmental factors
- humans are responsible for their own actions

Question 23

determinism

Answer 23

behaviour always has a cause

Question 24

determinism continuum

Answer 24

• soft determinism
• hard determinism
• the more personal responsibility you have, the more soft determinism it is

Question 25

soft determinism

Answer 25

- behaviour is determined but mediated by cognitive factors - cognitive approach - social learning theory

Question 26

hard determinism

Answer 26

- behaviour is determined by either internal or external factors that are beyond our control - biological approach - behaviourist approach

Question 27

types of determinism

Answer 27

- biological - environmental - psychic

Question 28

biological determinism

Answer 28

behaviours are determined by biological factors - aggression = MAOA-L gene

Question 29

environmental determinism

Answer 29

behaviours are determined by features of the environment - based on principles of skinner - bandura = models

Question 30

psychic determinism

Answer 30

traits and behaviours are governed by unconscious instincts and drives - freud

Question 31

strength of determinism

Answer 31

- linked to science - ability to investigate - can control and treat behaviour - cause and effect

Question 32

limitation of determinism

Answer 32

- inconsistent with legal system - legal system is moral and responsibility so we are held accountable for our behaviour

Question 33

strength of free will

Answer 33

- compatible with legal system -responsibility - moral and legal - self control - modern society

Question 34

limitation of free will

Answer 34

- inconsistent with science -cannot scientifically investigate free will - hard to define