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psychology paper 3 > issues and debates > Flashcards

issues and debates Flashcards

1
Q

culture

A

the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular group of people or society

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2
Q

culture bias

A

tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of your own culture

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3
Q

cultural relativism

A

behaviour differs across cultures
- behaviour only has meaning when considering the context at which it occurs

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4
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own culture
- extreme type of culture bias

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5
Q

universality

A

behaviours are the same across cultures

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6
Q

emic research

A

research conducted inside a specific culture, aiming to identify behaviours that are specific to that culture

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7
Q

imposed etic

A

assumes behaviour from one culture can be applied universally

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8
Q

examples of culture bias in research

A
  • milgram
  • asch
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9
Q

WEIRD samples

A

Western
Educated
Industrialised societies
Rich
Democratic

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10
Q

limitation of culture bias
- innacurate understanding of behaviour

A
  • asch + milgram studied with white, middle class Americans
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11
Q

limitation of culture bias
- negative implications for society

A
  • IQ test were given to 1.75 million soldiers in WWI
  • contained questions about america
  • non-americans scored low results and were labelled as intellectually inferior
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12
Q

strength of culture bias
- developments

A
  • cultural psychology is new branch of psychology that has developed
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13
Q

reducing cultural bias

A
  • use researchers familiar/native to the culture that is being studied
  • cross-cultural research
  • reflexive approach
  • no assumptions
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14
Q

CRRISSE acronym

A

Cross-cultural research
Representative sample
Reflexive approach
Immersion
Standards
Sensitive research
Emic approach

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15
Q

gender bias

A

the differential treatment and/or representation of males and females, based on stereotypes and not real differences

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16
Q

alpha bias

A

refers to theories which exaggerate differences between males and females
- freud

17
Q

beta bias

A

refers to theories which minimise differences between males and females
- asch (males)
- milgram (males)
- moscovici (women)

18
Q

how to deal with beta bias

A
  • include samples with both genders
  • if one gender is used, make it clear and don’t apply it to another gender
19
Q

androcentrism

A

theories focused on males
- Asch

20
Q

gynocentricism

A

theories focused on women
- Moscovici

21
Q

free will vs determinism

A

is human behaviour determined by factors such as biology and experience or do humans freely decide how to behave?

22
Q

free will

A

humans make life choices that are not determined by biological or environmental factors
- humans are responsible for their own actions

23
Q

determinism

A

behaviour always has a cause

24
Q

determinism continuum

A
  • soft determinism
  • hard determinism
  • the more personal responsibility you have, the more soft determinism it is
25
Q

soft determinism

A
  • behaviour is determined but mediated by cognitive factors
  • cognitive approach
  • social learning theory
26
Q

hard determinism

A
  • behaviour is determined by either internal or external factors that are beyond our control
  • biological approach
  • behaviourist approach
27
Q

types of determinism

A
  • biological
  • environmental
  • psychic
28
Q

biological determinism

A

behaviours are determined by biological factors
- aggression = MAOA-L gene

29
Q

environmental determinism

A

behaviours are determined by features of the environment
- based on principles of skinner
- bandura = models

30
Q

psychic determinism

A

traits and behaviours are governed by unconscious instincts and drives
- freud

31
Q

strength of determinism

A
  • linked to science
  • ability to investigate
  • can control and treat behaviour
  • cause and effect
32
Q

limitation of determinism

A
  • inconsistent with legal system
  • legal system is moral and responsibility so we are held accountable for our behaviour
33
Q

strength of free will

A
  • compatible with legal system
    -responsibility
  • moral and legal
  • self control
  • modern society
34
Q

limitation of free will

A
  • inconsistent with science
    -cannot scientifically investigate free will
  • hard to define

psychology paper 3 (4 decks)

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