issues and debates Flashcards
what is gender bias ?
a preference towards one gender. it can either exaggerate or minimise differences between males and females.
what is alpha bias in gender bias?
where differences between men and women are exaggerated.
it can be used to undervalue one gender.
the differences are sometimes attributed to differences in biology (genetics/ hormones)
what is beta bias in gender bias?
where differences between men and women are ignored/ minimised.
this can happen when studies consist of only one gender hen is applied to the whole population.
what is androcentrism?
where males are viewed as the centre of culture.
male behaviour is seen as the norm.
any difference in behaviour displayed by women is seen as exempt from the rules.
what is estrocentrism ?
where female behaviour is seen as the norm.
this is a much rarer phenomenon than androcentrism.
what are some research designs that make gender bias more likley?
researcher using gendered stereotypes when creating measurements.
participants should be selected in a non biased way.
treating the genders differently during research.
awareness of how gendered stereotypes can effect their expectations about the stereotypes.
why are some studies published and others are not in reference to gender bias?
studies that produce positive findings are more likely to be published. Studies showing differences between men and women would be more likely to appear in scientific journals than one that showed no differences.
this can exaggerate gender differences and produce alpha bias.
give three studies that show gender bias.
Freuds theories: usually described male behaviours as the norm.
Asch: androcentric as he only used male participants.
Zimbardo: same as asch.
what is culture bias?
tendency to interpret and judge phenomena in terms of the distinctive values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the society or community to which one belongs.
what are the reasons for culture bias?
researchers assumed that people from western cultures are the same as people in other culture. so whatever they found in their culture was applicable to all others.
assumed eastern cultures were more ‘primitive’ and less worthy of study.
those who wanted to do cross-cultural research did not have the time or resources.
what is etic research?
from a specific culture which is applied to other cultures to find universal laws.
this is good how we all have the same physiology and many behaviours are found in all cultures, however, it is difficult to generalise such a small sample.
what is emic research?
based on a specific culture that’s used to understand that culture from within. it is not generalised to other cultures.
it studies variations between groups of people.
bias may occur by exaggerating differences between different cultural groups rather than within.
what is emic research?
based on a specific culture that’s used to understand that culture from within. it is not generalised to other cultures.
it studies variations between groups of people.
bias may occur by exaggerating differences between different cultural groups rather than within.
what is ethnocentrism?
where our own culture is taken as the norm that we judge others against. ethnocentric research is centred around the one culture it is based in.
give two examples of research that shows culture bias.
Asch
Milgram.
