Issues And Debates

Question 1

Cultural relativism

Answer 1

Suggest psychologists have often been guilty of using imposed etics
This is when we impose western beliefs on people from other cultures and judge them by it
Instead we should use emic approaches this functions from within a given culture and identifies behaviour that is specific to that culture

Question 2

Cultural bias

Answer 2

The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions and this distorts or biases your judgement

Question 3

cultural Alpha bias

Answer 3

Assumes there are real and enduring differences between cultural groups

Question 4

Cultural beta bias

Answer 4

Theories which ignore or minimise any differences in culture

Question 5

Etic research

Answer 5

Specific cultural
Apllied to other culture to find universal laws
Ample of the population cannot generalises the findings to all cultures

Question 6

Emic reasearch

Answer 6

Studies variations in behaviours between groups
Exaggerating differences between groups whilst neglecting differences within groups

Question 7

Iq yerkes

Answer 7

Yerkes devised in test in America for the military
Showed a correlation between the further north in the world your heritage was and your iq
How was proven to be false

Question 8

Indigenous psychologists

Answer 8

One way to counter enthocnetrism in psychology is to encourage indigenous psychologists - the development of different groups of theories in different countries

Question 9

Socially sensitive reasearch

Answer 9

Studies in which there are potential consequences or implications either directly for the participants involved in the research or for the class of individuals represented by the research

Question 10

Socially sensitive topic

Answer 10

Explanations of obedience
Maternal deprivation
Gentic basis of criminality

Question 11

4 groups which may be affected by psychological research

Answer 11

Member of the social group -eg racial group
Friends and family -
The research team
The institution

Question 12

There concerns reasearchers should be mindful of

Answer 12

Implications- wider effects of research should be carefully considered , some studies may give scientific credence to preduijce and discrimination
Public policy /uses - researcher needs to consider the research and what purpose it could be used for , how it could be used for political ends to shape public policy
Validity research- although is supposed to be objective and value free this is not always the case , the researcher should be mindful of how the data is going to be used and consider who is funding the research

Question 13

Determinism

Answer 13

The view that an individual behaviour is heaped or controlled by the internal (biological ) or external forces . This means that our behaviour should be predictable

Question 14

Free will

Answer 14

That as humans we are free to chose our own thoughts and actions

Question 15

Hard determinism

Answer 15

Free will is not possible as our behaviour is always end cause by internal and external events beyond our control

Question 16

Soft determinism

Answer 16

The idea that behaviour etc are to an extent governed by internal and external forces
We still have some lament of control of our behaviour

Question 17

Biological determinism

Answer 17

The belief that behaviour is caused by biological influences we cannot control

Question 18

Enviormental determinism

Answer 18

The belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (eg reward and punishment ) that we cannot control

Question 19

Psychic determinism

Answer 19

The belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts we cannot control

Question 20

Case against free will

Answer 20

Chin siong soon found evidence that Brian activity determines the activity of simple choices
Whether we pre a button with our left or right hand this occurs in the Brian up to 10 mins before participants reported being consciously aware of making such a descions

Question 21

Universality

Answer 21

Any underlying characteristics of human beings which is capable of being applied to all

Question 22

Alpha bias

Answer 22

When the differences between men and women are shown and may be exaggerated either to heighten the value of women or devalue the,

Question 23

Beta bias

Answer 23

When teh differences between the two sexes are ignored or minimised
Often occurs when female participants not included as part of the research process and it is then assumed that the research findings apply equally to both sexes

Question 24

Andro centrism

Answer 24

Focused on men often neglect of women
This is a consequence beta bias
If our understanding of normal behaviour is being drawn from reasearch that involves all Male participants the behaviour that deviates from this is even as abnormal

Question 25

Gynocnetric

Answer 25

A study conducted on female but generalised to male

Question 26

Implications of gender bias

Answer 26

Create misleading information for females Many gender differences are based on the essentialist perspective that gender differences are fixed and enduring

Question 27

Sociobiology theory

Answer 27

Theory of relationship formation focuses on survival efficiency Males interested share to impregnate as much as they can to pass on their genes Females best chance is to ensure a healthy survival of her offspring which would pass her genes on Sexual promiscuity in males si gentically determined while woman who engage in smiling activity are seen as going against their nature

Question 28

Holism

Answer 28

Argues that behaviour cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up Considers a persons whole experience : cultural m cognitive , economic etc

Question 29

Reductionism

Answer 29

The theroy that also complex system can be completely understood in terms of their components Reduces a complex mechanism like human behaviour or the simplest explanation possible often means looking for a biological basis for behaviour

Question 30

Two main types of reductionism

Answer 30

Biological Environmental

Question 31

Benefits of holsim

Answer 31

Reminds us that the whole is not just the sum of parts so it explains how the combination of factors together cause behaviour Provides a more complex understanding of May be more useful

Question 32

Limitations of holism

Answer 32

It is difficult to establish how much each individual fcators contribute to any particular behaviour so this means explanations Are unsatisfactory Cannot be rigorously tested means that reliable research can’t be gathered to support theories More hypothetical

Question 33

Benefits of reductionism

Answer 33

Recognises the importance of biological explanations in human behaviour Whig is a positive as there is a lot of evidence for the influence of biology on behaviour Easier to explain behaviour in concrete and concise terms High level of predictive power