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Research Methods Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Three factors used to find the research method being used

A

Difference or relationship
Levels of measurements - nominal , ordinal ,interval,ratio
Group designs - independent group designs , repeated measures

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2
Q

Nominal data

A

Is the simplest data measurement at looks at mode data which is what occurs the most

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3
Q

Ordinal data

A

Is ,ore complex at looks at the median data which is a range of the data comparing the most to the least

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4
Q

Interval data

A

Looks at the mean pf the data so the average of all the results combined

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5
Q

Ratio

A

Is used when comparing as it aims on changing the data into numerical value

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6
Q

Man Whitney

A

Test of difference
Independent groups
Ordinal data

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7
Q

Wil coxon

A

Test of difference
Ordinal data repeated measures

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8
Q

Spearmen’s rho

A

Looks for a relationship
Ordinal data can be interval data
Independent group design

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9
Q

Persons r

A

Relationship
Interval or ratio data

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10
Q

Related t test

A

Looking for difference
Repeated measures
Uses interval data

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11
Q

Unrelated t test

A

Looking for difference
Interval data
Independent group design

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12
Q

Chi squared

A

Test for difference or relationship
Nonimal data recorded as a frequency
Independent group design

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13
Q

Sign test

A

Test of difference
Nonimal data
Repeated measures

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14
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Is a hypothesis the researcher tries to disprove

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15
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Is a hypothesis a researcher tries to prove

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16
Q

Independent variable

A

Teh spect of the XPRIZE t which is being manipulated by the researcher

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

Is the aspect of the experiment t which is being measured and has been caused by a change to the iv

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18
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues which may suggest the I’m of a study to the participant

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19
Q

Laboratory experiment

A

An experiment that takes place in a special environment whereby variables can be controlled how we this can lead to experimenter bias and low ecological validity

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20
Q

Field experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a more natural environment but variables still being controlled well however their ethical implications (invasion of privacy ) and loss of control

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21
Q

Quasi experiment

A

An experiment where the iv has not been determined by the researcher instead it naturally occurs eg gender differences however cannot randomly allocate participant

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22
Q

Natural expriment

A

An expriment where the iv is not brought by the researcher it would have happened even if the researcher was not there eg examining earthquakes however there are natural occurring events which can affect results and hard to randomise participants into groups

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23
Q

Opportunity sampling

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A

Participants happen to be a alive at the time the study is being carried out so are recruited conveniently however this can cause researcher bias as they get to choose who they want

24
Q

Random sampling

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A

This is when participants are given a number and chosen using a random number generator Menai g any one can get picked however this is time consuming and relies on volunteers

25
Systematic sampling
A predetermined system is used where every nth number is selected form the sampling frame can be biased as numbers are not chosen randomly
26
Volunteer sampling
This involves self selection where the participants offers to take part in a expriment however this can lead to volunteer bias and participants may not take it seriously as they have other motivations to do it like money
27
Independent group design
This is wear participants only take part in one condition of the iv
28
Repeated measures
The same participants take part in all conditions of the iv
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Matched pairs
Pairs of participants are first matches on some variable which has been found to affect the dvthen one member of each pair does one condition and the other does another
30
Pilot study
Is a small version of an investigation done before the main one
31
Control group / condition
It has a set baseline where the results from the experimental condition can be compared to the results form the control
32
Naturalistic observation
Watching a recording behaviour in a setting where it would normally take place however it is hard to replicate
33
Controlled observation
Watching and recording behaviour in a controlled / structured enviorment
34
Overt observation
Where behaviour is recorded with parictipants know they are being recorded however demanded characteristics are likely to occur which reduce the reliability of the results
35
Covert observation
The participants are unaware that their behaviour is being watched however this can raise ethical issues as participants have not consented to
36
Participant observation
The researcher who is observing is apart of the group being observed however reasearch ear may lose sight of the objective and identify to strongly with the group
37
Non participant observation
reasearch ear observers from afar so is not apart of the group however reasechers may lose some valuable insight by doing this
38
Qualitative data
Data which is displayed in words Strengths - more depth of detail , allows parictipnats to further their option =higher external validity Weakness -difficult to analyse, difficult to make comparisons with other data
39
Quantitative data
Data displayed numerically Strength- can be anyalsis staistcally and placed into graphs , makes it easier to compare data Weakness - no meaningful insight into participants views , low external validity
40
Primary data
When information is obtained first hand by the reasearcher Strengths- targets the exact information the researcher needs Weakness - requires time and effort and can be expensive
41
Secondary data
This is when the data is collected by someone else Strengths- minimal effort to get data and is normally free Weakness - data may be outdated or incomplete , data may not be reliable
42
Unstructedk observation
This consists of continuous recording however this produces qualities data which I’d harder to record and analyse
43
content anyalsis
Studying human behaviour indirectly by studying things that we produce eg newspapers it allows us to have an insight into structure values ,beliefs and prejudice of our society
44
How to conduct content analysis
Identify hypothesis you will investigate Create a coding system depending on what you are investigating eg 1=male 2=female Counduct content anyalsis and record data in a table Analyse data which is descriptive and qualitative Write up a report in the format of a sinetific
45
Strengths and limitations of content anyalsis
Strengths Strong external validity Produces large set of both quantitative and qualitative data Easy replication Limitations Observer bias Content of choice to analyse can be biased by reasearcher Integrative bias
46
Statistical testing
Provides a way of determining whether hypotheses should be rejected or accepted .
47
Uses of statistical tests
Used to determine a significant difference or correlation exists Used to find the critical value Used to cacaulate probability values
48
Type 1 error
Is the incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis which is actually true
49
Type 2 error
Error is the failure to reject the null hypothesis that is false
50
Theory
A set of general principles and laws which can be used to explain specific events
51
Open Questionnaire strengths and weakness
Strengths Rich in depth Useful for sensitive topics so participants can go into detail Weakness difficult to convert to statistical data
52
Closed questionnaire strengths and weakness
Strengths Easy to analyse data and compare data with someone else Weaknesses Lack of depth Can be limiting
53
Limitations and strengths of questionnaires
Cost effective Gather this large amount of data quickly Researcher doesn’t have to be present As responses are anonymous more people take part Weakness Difficult to know wether the tagert population it was intended to answer it Take a long time to design It’s difficult to asses the validity because of different bias
54
Structured interviews
A set of pre determined questions which are asked in a interview Strength Standardisation is possible Easily replicable Limitations Interviewer bias
55
Unstructured interview
There are no predetermined questions as questions are made up as the interview goes on Strengths Lots more data collected in depth Can be tailored to the individual Limitations skilled interviewers are needed Socail desriability bias
56
Internal reliability

Psychology Research Methods (3 decks)

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