itps finals quizb5

Question 1

expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target

Example
Sandra gets reprimanded by her boss and goes home to angrily pick a fight with her husband.

Answer 1

Displacement

Question 2

falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations.

Example
Four-year-old Zachary starts wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby.

Answer 2

Regression

Question 3

trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety.

Example
Amber really admires Kaylee, the most popular girl in school, and tries to copy her behavior and dress.

Answer 3

Identification

Question 4

trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other area

Example
José is not good at athletics, so he puts all of his energies into becoming an academic scholar.

Answer 4

Compensation

Question 5

turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior.

Example
Angel, who is very aggressive, becomes a mixed martial arts fighter.

Answer 5

Sublimation

Question 6

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Answer 6

Personality

Question 7

value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior

Answer 7

Character

Question 8

the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

Answer 8

Temperament

Question 9

was founder of psychoanalytic movement

Answer 9

Freud

Question 10

information is available but not currently conscious

Answer 10

Preconscious mind

Question 11

: level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions

Answer 11

Conscious Mind

Question 12

: level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept

Answer 12

Unconscious mind

Question 13

focused on immediate gratification and survival

Answer 13

Id

Question 14

contains the conscience, provides sense of right and wrong

Answer 14

Super ego

Question 15

the “I” caught in the middle

Answer 15

Ego

Question 16

unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety • Manage the continuous conflicts of the id, ego and superego

Answer 16

pyschological defense mechanisim

Question 17

refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation.

Example
A mother refuses to acknowledge her son was killed during his recent military deployment.

Answer 17

Denial

Question 18

pushing” threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory

Example
Eli, who was sexually abused as a child, cannot remember the abuse at all.

Answer 18

Repression

Question 19

making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

Example
If I don’t have breakfast, I can have that piece of cake later on without hurting my diet.

Answer 19

Rationalization

Question 20

placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself

Example
Ella is attracted to her sister’s husband but denies this and believes the husband is attracted to her.

Answer 20

Projection

Question 21

forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts

Example
Jaden has negative prejudices toward other religions but goes out of his way to appear open-minded and accepting.

Answer 21

Reaction formation:

Question 22

area of the body that produces pleasurable feelings, becomes important and can become the source of conflicts

Answer 22

Erogenous Zone

Question 23

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

Answer 23

Fixation

Question 24

an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

Answer 24

Psychoanalysis

Question 25

followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

Answer 25

Ne Freudians

Question 26

developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious

Answer 26

Carl Jung

Question 27

the memories shared by all members of the human species

Answer 27

Collective unconscious:

Question 28

proposed the driving force behind all human endeavors, emotions, and thoughts was the seeking of superiority

Answer 28

Alder

Question 29

developed a theory based on basic anxiety; replacing the concept of penis envy with "womb" envy

Answer 29

Horney

Question 30

anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

Answer 30

Basic Anxiety

Question 31

the result of less-secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

Answer 31

Neurotic personalities

Question 32

developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span

Answer 32

Erikson

Question 33

learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

Answer 33

Social Cognitive view

Question 34

explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Answer 34

Bandura's reciprocal determinism

Question 35

an individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem)

Answer 35

Self-efficacy

Question 36

a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence.

Answer 36

Expectancy

Question 37

the "third force" in psychology Based on works of Rogers and Maslow Focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

Answer 37

Humanistic Perspective

Question 38

the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

Answer 38

Self-actualizing tendency

Question 39

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

Answer 39

Self Concept

Question 40

an individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning

Answer 40

Self

Question 41

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization

Answer 41

Real Self

Question 42

one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be

Answer 42

Ideal self:

Question 43

warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one's life

Answer 43

Positive Regard

Question 44

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

Answer 44

Unconditional positive regard:

Question 45

positive regard that is given only when person doing what providers of positive regard wish

Answer 45

Conditional positive regard

Question 46

a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

Answer 46

Fully functioning person

Question 47

theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

Answer 47

Trait Theories

Question 48

: a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

Answer 48

Trait

Question 49

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

Answer 49

Surface traits:

Question 50

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

Answer 50

Source traits

Question 51

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Answer 51

Openness

Question 52

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

Answer 52

Conscientiousness

Question 53

one's need to be with other people; categorized into extroverts and introverts

Answer 53

Extraversion

Question 54

the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

Answer 54

Agreeableness

Question 55

degree of emotional instability or stability

Answer 55

Neuroticism

Question 56

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

Answer 56

Behavioral genetics

Question 57

the genetics of a child's parents, even those not inherited, that impact the family and child's environment

Answer 57

Genetic nurture

Question 58

behaviorist assumes personality is merely habitually learned responses to stimuli

Answer 58

Behavioral Assessments

Question 59

assessment in which professional observes client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either clinical or natural setting

Answer 59

Direct observation

Question 60

personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer, either in an unstructured or semistructured interview

Answer 60

Interview

Question 61

paper-and-pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking test "Yes," "no," "can't decide" "True," "false," "cannot say"

Answer 61

Personality Inventory

Question 62

designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality

Answer 62

MMPI-2-RF

Question 63

is the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Answer 63

Personality

Question 64

refers to the value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior.

Answer 64

character

Question 65

is the biologically innate and enduring characteristics each person is born with, such as irritability or adaptability

Answer 65

Temperament

Question 66

level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

Answer 66

unconscious mind

Question 67

the part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

Answer 67

id

Question 68

is the part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality: mostly conscious, rational, and logical. The ego functions by the reality principle, or the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

Answer 68

Ego

Question 69

part of the personality acts as a moral center

Answer 69

Superego

Question 70

is the part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

Answer 70

Conscience

Question 71

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

Answer 71

Psychological defense mechanisms

Question 72

are five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

Answer 72

Psychosexual stages

Question 73

a disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

Answer 73

Fixation

Question 74

is the first stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring in the first 18 months of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict (id dominates)

Answer 74

Oral Stage

Question 75

is the second stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring from about 18 to 36 months of age, in which the anus is the crogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict (ego develops)

Answer 75

Anal Stage

Question 76

is the third stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings

Answer 76

Phallic Stage

Question 77

the fourth stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

Answer 77

Latency

Question 78

the final stage in Freud's psychosexual stages, from puberty on, sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves toward adult social and sexual behavior

Answer 78

Genital Stage

Question 79

theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning.

Answer 79

Social cognitive learning theorists

Question 80

is a learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

Answer 80

Social Cognitive view

Question 81

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

Answer 81

reciprocal determinism

Question 82

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

Answer 82

Self-efficacy

Question 83

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.

Answer 83

Locus of control

Question 84

person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

Answer 84

Expectancy

Question 85

the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

Answer 85

Humanistic perspective

Question 86

is the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

Answer 86

Self-actualizing tendency is

Question 87

image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one's life

Answer 87

Self concept

Question 88

individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning

Answer 88

Self

Question 89

is the warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life.

Answer 89

Positive regard

Question 90

the positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached, in person-centered therapy, it refers to the warm, respectful, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client

Answer 90

Unconditional positive regard

Question 91

is the positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

Answer 91

Conditional positive regard

Question 92

is someone who is in touch with his or her own feelings and abilities and is able to trust his or her innermost urges and intuitions.

Answer 92

Fully functioning person

Question 93

theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

Answer 93

Trait Theories

Question 94

are the aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

Answer 94

surface traits

Question 95

are the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

Answer 95

source traits

Question 96

is a dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

Answer 96

Introversion

Question 97

a model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions (Le., OCEAN

Answer 97

The five-factor model (Big Five)

Question 98

are people who are outgoing and sociable:

Answer 98

extraverts

Question 99

are people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

Answer 99

introverts

Question 100

is the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence how the way in which a trait is expressed.

Answer 100

Trait-situation interaction

Question 101

the field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

Answer 101

Behavioral Genetics

Question 102

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

Answer 102

Direct Observation

Question 103

is assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.

Answer 103

Rating scale

Question 104

is a paper-and-pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

Answer 104

Personality Inventory

Question 105

or the tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements, and observer bias can also influence assessment.

Answer 105

Halo effect

Question 106

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the chent to respond with whatever comes to mind.

Answer 106

Projective Test

Question 107

a projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

Answer 107

Rorschach inkblot test is

Question 108

is a projective test that uses 20 pictures in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

Answer 108

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 109

referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases. prejudice, and personal experiences.

Answer 109

subjective