IV-A: Classification

Question 1

gave rise to mitochondria and
chloroplasts.

Answer 1

Endosymbiotic prokaryotes

Question 2

established by
Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 2

Hierarchal system of Classification

Question 3

A level of grouping

Answer 3

taxon

Question 4

A group of closely related organisms that
breed among themselves

Answer 4

Eukaryotic species

Question 5

a population of closely
related interbreeding individuals

Answer 5

Species

Question 6

group of
genetically related species

Answer 6

Genus/ Genera

Question 7

genera with similar traits

Answer 7

Family

Question 8

families with common
characteristics

Answer 8

Orders

Question 9

orders with similar
characteristics

Answer 9

Classes

Question 10

related classes

Answer 10

Division/ phylum

Question 11

related phyla

Answer 11

Kingdom

Question 12

A population
of cells with similar characteristics

Answer 12

Prokaryotic species

Question 13

standard reference
on bacterial classification.

Answer 13

bacteriology

Question 14

Grown in laboratory
media

Answer 14

culture

Question 15

Population of cells derived
from a single cell

Answer 15

CLONE

Question 16

A group of bacteria derived
from a single cell

Answer 16

Strain

Question 17

A catchall kingdom for
eukaryotic organisms that do not
fit other kingdoms

Answer 17

protist

Question 18

Chemoheterotrophic;
unicellular or multicellular; cell
walls of chitin; develop from
spores or hyphal fragments

Answer 18

fungi

Question 19

Multicellular; no cell
walls; chemoheterotrophic

Answer 19

animalia

Question 20

Multicellular; cellulose
cell walls; usually

Answer 20

plantae

Question 21

Population of viruses
with similar characteristics
occupying a particular ecological
niche.

Answer 21

viral species

Question 22

Placing organisms in
groups of related species. Lists of
characteristics of known
organisms

Answer 22

Classification

Question 23

Matching characteristics of an “unknown” to
lists of known organisms

Answer 23

Identification`

Question 24

Provides
identification schemes
for identifying bacteria
and archaea

Answer 24

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology

Question 25

Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

Answer 25

Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology

Question 26

Useful for identifying eukaryotes

Answer 26

Morphological characteristics

Question 27

Gram staining, acid-fast staining

Answer 27

Differential staining

Question 28

Determines presence of bacterial enzymes

Answer 28

Biochemical tests

Question 29

-manufactured for groups of medically important bacteria, such as the enterics -perform several biochemical tests simultaneously and can identify bacteria within 4-24 hours

Answer 29

Numerical Rapid Identification

Question 30

results of each test are assigned a number

Answer 30

numerical identification

Question 31

available for some medically important bacteria and yeasts

Answer 31

Automated rapid identification

Question 32

science that study blood serum and immune response that are evident in serum useful in determining the identity of strains and species, as well as relationships among organisms

Answer 32

Serology

Question 33

can differentiate not only among microbial species, but also among strains within species

Answer 33

serological testing

Question 34

Strains with different antigens

Answer 34

serotypes, serovars, or biovars

Question 35

fast and can be read by a computer scanner  AIDS testing to detect the presence of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS

Answer 35

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Question 36

used to identify antibodies in a patient’s serum.

Answer 36

Western blotting

Question 37

Identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various phages.

Answer 37

Phage typing

Question 38

are bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect. useful in tracing the origin and course of a disease outbreak

Answer 38

Bacteriophages (phages)

Question 39

Commercial systems have been designed to separate cellular fatty acids to compare them to fatty acid profiles of known organisms.

Answer 39

Fatty Acid Profiles

Question 40

is widely used in clinical and public health laboratories

Answer 40

Fatty Acid Profiles

Question 41

measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells  used to identify bacteria in a sample without culturing the bacteria  Fluorescence can be used to detect naturally fluorescent cells, such as Pseudomonas, or cells tagged with fluorescent dyes.

Answer 41

Flow cytometry

Question 42

technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA

Answer 42

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 43

Number and sizes of DNA fragments (fingerprints) produced by RE digests are used to determine genetic similarities.

Answer 43

DNA sequencing

Question 44

DNA from two microorganisms is treated with the same restriction enzyme, and the restriction fragments (RFLPs) produced are separated by electrophoresis, producing

Answer 44

DNA fingerprint

Question 45

The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA can be used in the classification of organisms

Answer 45

Ribotyping: rRNA sequencing

Question 46

Single strands of DNA or RNA, from related organisms will hydrogenbond to form a double-stranded molecule

Answer 46

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Question 47

Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify unknown microorganisms

Answer 47

Southern blotting

Question 48

which can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen

Answer 48

DNA Chip or Microarray

Question 49

Fluorescent dye–labeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain microorganisms in place, or in situ.

Answer 49

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Question 50

used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample  The presence or identification of an organism is indicated by amplified DNA.

Answer 50

Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAATs)

Question 51

Identification is based on successive questions, and each question has two possible answers.

Answer 51

Dichotomous Key

Question 52

is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

Answer 52

Cladogram

Question 53

defined as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Answer 53

Clade within a cladogram

Question 54

is the study of resemblances among clades

Answer 54

Cladistics

Question 55

group is made up of an ancestral species (species B in this case) and all of its descendant species.

Answer 55

Monophyletic

Question 56

consists of an ancestor (A in this case) and some, but not all, of that ancetor’s descendants. (Grouping 2 includes the descendants I, J, and K, but excludes B-H which also descended from A).

Answer 56

Paraphyletic

Question 57

of (A) the species in the group. Furthermore, a valid taxon that includes the extant species G, H, J, and K would necessarily also contain D and E, which are also descended from A.

Answer 57

Polyphyletic

Question 58

maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms (clado- means branch)

Answer 58

Cladogram