IV-C: Eukaryotes Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
feeding and growing stage
A
tropozoite
2
Q
multiple fission
A
schizogomy
3
Q
haploid sex cells
A
Gametes (gametocytes)
4
Q
protective capsule, it permits the
organisms to survive when food, moisture, or
oxygen are lacking, when temperatures are not
suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present.
A
Cysts
5
Q
Reproductive structure in which new cells are produced asexually
A
Oocyst
6
Q
Two Chlorophyll containing groups
A
Dinoflagellates and euglenoids
7
Q
protective covering of Protozoa
A
Pellicle
8
Q
mouth-like opening
A
Cytostome
9
Q
lack mitochondria and have flagella
A
Trichomonas and Giardia
10
Q
single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove in the cytoskeleton
A
Archaezoa
11
Q
parasite found in the small intestine of humans and other mammals
A
Giardia intestinalis or G. lamblia/ G. duodenalis
12
Q
an alga that infects potato crops
A
Phytophthora infestans
13
Q
well over 1 million people died
or were displaced because
of the devastating effects
of Phytophthora infestans,
an alga that infects potato
crops
A
Great Irish
Famine of the mid–
nineteenth century
14
Q
kills 1 million people, mostly children, annually
A
Malaria
15
Q
60 million are infected
A
Trypanosoma cruzi
16
Q
belong to several super clades and can reproduce both
sexually and asexually. They are photoautotrophs and produce several different photosynthetic pigments.
A
Algae
17
Q
Most are chemoheterotrophic, but a few are
photoautotrophic. They obtain
nutrients by absorption or
ingestion. All are unicellular, and
many are motile. Parasitic
protozoans often form resistant
cysts.
A
Protozoa
18
Q
chemoheterotrophs and
acquire food by absorption. With
the exception of yeasts, fungi are
multicellular. Most reproduce with
sexual and asexual spores
A
Fungi
19
Q
multicellular animals. They are
chemoheterotrophs. Most obtain
nutrients by ingestion through the
mouth; some are absorptive.
A
Helminths
20
Q
are animals with jointed legs. The arthropods that
transmit diseases are important in
microbiology. These include ticks,
and some insects; most often,
members of the mosquito family
are responsible for transmitting
disease
A
Arthropods
21
Q
Fungi, protozoa, and
arthropods cause diseases
in humans. Most of these
diseases are diagnosed by
microscopic examination.
Like bacteria, fungi are
cultured on laboratory
media. TRUE OR FALSE
A
FALSE
22
Q
Infections caused by
eukaryotes are difficult to
treat because humans
have eukaryotic cells. TRUE OR FALSE.
A
TRUE
23
Q
Algal diseases of humans
are infectious; they are
intoxications because the
symptoms result from
ingesting algal toxins. TRUE OR FALSE.
A
FALSE
24
Q
Arthropods that transmit
infectious diseases are
called a vector. Arthropod-borne diseases such as
West Nile encephalitis is
best controlled by limiting
exposure to arthropods. TRUE OR FALSE.
A
TRUE
25
aerobic or
facultatively anaerobic;
only a few anaerobic fungi
are known.
Fungi
26
Symbiotic fungi that help the roots absorb minerals and water from the soil
Mycorrhizae
27
Study of fungi
Mycology
28
cross walls which divide them into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units
septa
29
distinct, uninucleate cell-like units
septate hyphae
30
hyphae contain no septa
and appear as long,
continuous cell with many
nuclei
Coenocytic hyphae
31
grow by elongating at the tips
Hyphae
32
the portion of a hypha that
obtains nutrients.
Vegetative hypha
33
The portion
concerned with
reproduction, bear
reproductive spores
Reproductive or aerial hypha
34
a filamentous
mass of hyphae
Mycelium
35
Nonfilamentous,
unicellular fungi, spherical
or oval
Yeasts
36
capable of
facultative anaerobic
growth, which allows these
fungi to survive in various
environment.
Yeasts
37
divide asymmetrically
Budding yeasts
38
divide unevenly
Saccharomyces
39
short chain of cells from undetached yeast buds
Pseudohypha
40
attaches to human
epithelial cells as a yeast,
requires pseudohyphae to
invade deeper tissues
Candida albicans
41
divide symmetrically
Fission yeasts
42
divide evenly to produce two new cells
Schizosaccharomyces
43
produce vegetative and aerial hyphae
Moldlike growth
44
reproduce by budding
Yeastlike growth
45
yeastlike at 37 degrees Celcius and moldlike at 25 degrees Celcius
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi
46
Dimorphism in the fungus depends on CO2 concentration
Mucor indicus
47
can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation of their
hyphae
Filamentous fungi
48
are formed by the hyphae of
one organism. When these
spores germinate, they
become organisms that are
genetically identical to the
parent
Asexual spores
49
result from the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating
strains of the same species
of fungus
Sexual spores
50
unicellular or multicellular
spore that is not enclosed
in a sac
Conidia (conidium) or conidiospores
51
formed by
the fragmentation of a
septate hypha into single,
slightly thickened cells.
Arthroconidia
52
another
type of conidium, are
formed from the buds of
its parent cell.
Blastoconidia
53
Blastoconidia are found in some yeasts, such as
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus
54
species that produces Arthroconidia
Coccidioides immitis
55
thick-walled spore formed by
rounding and enlargement
within a hyphal segment.
Chlamydoconidia
56
fungus that produces chlamydoconidia
Candida albicans
57
formed within a
sporangium, or sac, at the
end of an aerial hypha
Sporangiopore
58
Sporangium are produced by
Rhizopus
59
Three phases of sexual reproduction of fungi
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis
60
Haploid donor cell nucleus (+)
penetrates cytoplasm of
recipient cell (–)
Plasmogamy
61
+ and – nuclei
fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus
Karyogamy
62
Diploid nucleus
produces haploid nuclei
(sexual spores), some of
which may be genetic
recombinant
Meiosis
63
a sporangium in which
zygospores are produced.
Zygosporangium
64
is the capsule structure belonging to
many plants and fungi, in
which the reproductive
spores are produced and
stored
Sporangium
65
fusion of haploid cells produces one
zygospore; the thick-walled resting cell of
certain fungi and algae,
arising from the fusion of
two similar gametes;
sexual spores of
zygomycetes
Zygospore
66
formed in a sac. A sexually produced fungal
spore formed within an
ascus of ascomycetes
Ascospore
67
formed
externally on a pedestal
Basidiospore
68
a clublike structure with 2-4 apical
sterigmata that bear
basidiospores.
Basidium
69
Medically important Phyla of Fungi
Zygomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Anamorphs
70
conjugation
of fungi, are saprophytic
molds that have
coenocytic hyphae
Zygomycota
71
the common black bread mold
Rhizopus mucor stolonifera
72
Are unusual eukaryotes
because they lack
mitochondria. Cause chronic diarrhea and
keratoconjunctivitis in
AIDS patients
Microsporidia
73
in 1857, when they were
discovered,
microsporidians were
classified as fungi. They
were reclassified as
protists in
1983
74
include molds
with septate hyphae and
some yeasts
Sac fungi
75
produced in long chains
from the conidiophore produced in a saclike
conidia
76
opportunistic, systematic mycosis
Aspergillus
77
systematic mycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis,
Histoplasma capsulatum
78
cutaneous mycoses
Microsporum, Trichophyton
79
also possess
septate hyphae.
club fungi
80
are formed
externally on a base
pedestal called a basidium
Basidiospores
81
systematic mycosis
Cryptococcus neofromans
82
fungi that is,
they produce both sexual
and asexual spores and
these includes the fungi
Teleomorphic fungi or
telemorphs
83
produce asexual spores
only
Anamorphic fungi
84
Some ascomycetes have
lost the ability to
reproduce sexually. These
asexual fungi are called
Anamorphs
85
anamorph that
arose from a mutation in a
teleomorph
Penicillum
86
Example of subcutaneous
mycosis
Sporothrix
87
a fungal
disease which has virtually
eliminated the American
chestnut
Chestnut Blight
88
Any fungal infection
Mycosis
89
citric acid for foods & beverages
since 1914
Aspergillus niger
90
Bread, wine, HBV vaccine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
91
Economic effects of Fungi
Citric acid for foods and beverages, bread wine, HBV vaccine, cellulase, Taxol, biocontrol of pests, biocontrol of fungi, and kills termites,
92
biocontrol of fungi
Coniothyrium minitans
93
biocontrol of pests
Entomophaga
94
cause Chestnut blight
Cryphonectria parasitica
95
cause Dutch elm disease
Ceratocystis ulmi
96
Five groups of fungal diseases or infections
Systemic mycoses, Subcutaneous mycoses, Cutaneous mycoses, Superficial mycoses, and Opportunistic mycoses
97
Deep within
body
affect many tissues and
organs
caused by fungi that live in
the soil
spores are transmitted by
inhalation
they are not contagious
from animal to human or
from human to human
Systemic mycoses
98
Beneath the skin
Infection occurs by direct
implantation of spores or
mycelial fragments into a
a puncture wound in the
skin
caused by saprophytic
fungi that live in soil and
on vegetation
Sporotrichosis acquired by
gardeners and farmers
Subcutaneous mycoses
99
Fungi that
infect only the epidermis, hair, and
nails
Dermatophytes
100
an enzyme that
degrades keratin, a protein
found in hair, skin, and
nails
Keratinase
101
Infection is transmitted
from human-human or
from animal-human by
direct contact or by
contact with infected hairs
and epidermal cells
Cutaneous mycoses
102
Caused
by normal microbiota or
environmental fungi
become pathogenic in a
host → debilitated or
traumatized → under
treatment with broadspectrum antibiotics
immune system is
suppressed by drugs or by
an immune disorder, or
who has lung disease
Opportunistic mycoses
103
most common life-threatening
infection in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis
104
found growing on water damaged walls of homes
Stachybotrys
105
patients who have diabetes
mellitus, have leukemia, or
are undergoing treatment
with immunosuppressive
drugs.
Mucormycosis
106
are localized on hair shafts and
superficial skin cells
Superficial mycoses
107
hair projection
beyond the surface of the
skin
Hair shaft
108
secrete organic
acids that chemically
weather rock, and they
accumulate nutrients
needed for plant growth.
Lichens
109
The lichen’s thallus, or
body, forms when fungal
hyphae grow around algal
cells to become
Medulla
110
Fungal hyphae project
below the lichen body to
form
Rhizines or holdfasts
111
protective covering, over the algal
layer and sometimes under
it as well.
cortex
112
Lichens three morphological categories
Crustose, Fruticose, Foliose
113
are more leaf-like
Foliose lichens
114
grow flush or encrusted onto the
substratum
Cructose
115
have
fingerlike projections
Fruticose lichens
116
the dye used
in litmus paper to indicate
change in pH, is extracted
from a variety of lichens.
Erythrolitmin
117
Three groups of Kingdom Protist
Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-like
118
HAVE CHLOROPLASTS, LIVE
IN MOIST, SUNNY
ENVIRONMENT
Plant-like protist
119
SAPROPHYTES, MAY BE
UNICELLULAR OR
MULTICELLULAR
Fungus-like protist
120
HETEROTROPHS, MOST
ARE UNICELLULAR, FREELIVING OR PARASITES
Animal-like protists
121
are familiar as the
large brown kelp in coastal
waters, the green scum in
a puddle, and the green
stains on soil or on rocks.
Algae
122
not a taxonomic
group; it is a way to
describe photoautotrophs
that lack the roots and
stems of plants
Algae
123
found in the subtropical Sargasso Sea,
and some species of brown
algae grow in Antarctic
waters
Sargassum
124
fungal-like algae
Oomycetes
125
The body of a multicellular
alga, lacks the
conductive tissue (xylem
and phloem)
characteristics of vascular
plants
Thallus
126
a floating, gas-filled bladder
Pneumatocyst
127
Phyla of Algae
Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, and Oomycota
128
Cellulose and alginic acid
cell walls
Multicellular
Chlorophyll a and c,
xanthophylls
Store carbohydrates
Harvested for algin
Phaeophyta (Brown algae)
129
induce vaginal dilation
before surgical entry into
the uterus through the
vagina
Laminaria japonica
130
a brown alga. The hollow
stipe and gas-filled
pneumatocysts hold the
thallus upright, ensuring
that sufficient sunlight
Macrocystis porifera
131
Have delicately branched
thalli and can live at
greater ocean depths than
other algae.
Cellulose cell walls
Most are multicellular
Chlorophyll a and d,
phycobiliproteins
Store glucose polymer
Branched thalli
Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
132
Grow deeper in the ocean
Harvested for agar and
carrageenan
Irish moss
133
grow in the
Pacific Ocean → humans
for food → some can
produce a lethal toxin
Gracillaria sp.
134
a red alga.
The delicately branched
red algae get their color
from phycobiliprotein
accessory pigments.
Microcladia
135
gelatinous material comes from a species of red algae commonly called Irish moss
Carrageenan
136
toxin concentrated in the mussels
Domoic acid
137
Cellulose cell walls
Most are microscopic
Unicellular or multicellular
Chlorophyll a and b
Store glucose polymer
Gave rise to plants
Some filamentous kinds
form grass green scum in
ponds
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
138
Pectin and silica cell walls
Unicellular or filamentous
Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthophylls
Store oil
Fossilized diatoms formed
oil
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
139
Neurotoxins cause
paralytic shellfish
poisoning
Karenia brevis
140
produce
neurotoxins (called
saxitoxins) that cause
paralytic shellfish
Alexandrium
141
a occurs when the
dinoflagellate
Gambierdiscus toxicus
passes up the food chain
and is concentrated in
large fish.
Ciguatera
142
responsible for
periodic massive fish
deaths along the Atlantic
Coast
Pfiesteria
143
Cellulose cell walls;
Multicellular;
Chemoheterotrophic
Produce oomycete spores
→ zoospores → have two
flagella
Oomycota (water molds)
144
infects
Eucalyptus tree
P. cinnamoni
145
causes
“sudden oak death” &
redwood trees
P. ramorum
146
What damage is
Phytophthora causing in
other parts of the world
today?
infects soybeans,
potatoes, and cocoa
worldwide. Vegetative
hyphae produce motile
zoospores as well as
specialized sex hyphae.
147
produce
most of the molecular
oxygen in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Planktonic algae
148
the fossil
remains of planktonic
algae
Petroleum
149
evolved special
organs that host
dinoflagellates
Tridacna
150
no cysts stage
Trichomonas vaginalis
151
consists of a membrane bordered by the flagellum
Undulating membrane
152
Must be transferred fromhost tohost
quickly before desiccation occurs Found in the vagina and male urinary tract Transmitted by sexual
intercourse and by toilet facilities or towel
Trichomonas vaginalis
153
Two groups of flagellated cells based on common rRNA sequences, disk-shaped mitochondria, and absence of sexual reproduction
Euglenozoa
154
Photoautotrophs, some facultative
chemoheterotrophs Pellicle: semigrid plasma membrane Red eyespot at the anterior end
Euglenoids
155
What are the protozoan phyla?
Archaeozoa, Ciliophora, Euglenozoa, Apicomplexa, Amoebozoa
156
Transmitted by the bites of blood-feeding insects
Have long, slender bodies and an
undulating membrane
Hemoflagellates (blood parasites)
157
African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
158
transmitted by the tsetse fly
Trypanosoma brucei
159
infection of the small intestine by Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
160
Chagas disease transmitted
by the“ kissing bug”(bites on the
face)
Trypanosoma cruzi
161
What is the largest phylum of Protozoa?
Amoebozoa
162
Move by pseudopods
Amoebozoa
163
lobe-like projections of the cytoplasm, temporary extensions of the cell- how amoebozoa capture food
pseudopods
164
only pathogenic ameba found in the
human intestine (about 10% of
human population may be colonized)
Entamoeba histolytica
165
infection of intestines with diarrhea
dysentery
166
causes blindness
Acanthamoeba
167
Have a complex of special organelles for penetrating host tissue. Nonmotile Obligate intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium, Cyclospora, Toxoplasma
Apicomplexa
168
Lives inside the cells lining the small
intestine and can be transmitted to
humans through the feces of cows, rodents dogs, and cats
Cryptosporidium cayetanensis
169
four examples of Apicomplexa
Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Toxoplasma
170
parasite of RBC
Causes fever and anemia in
immunosuppressed individuals Transmitted by the tick Lxodes scapularis
Babesia microti
171
-infective stage of Plasmodium
carried by Anopheles
Sporozoite
172
causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium vivax
173
thousands of
trophozoites which infect red blood cells
Merozoites
174
intracellular parasite of humans. Dangerous to pregnant women because it can cause congenital
infections in utero
Toxoplasma gondii
175
reproduce sexuallyand asexually in an infectedcat
trachyzoites
176
each containing 8 sporozoites, are excreted with feces.
Oocysts
177
Move by cilia (arranged in precise rows on the cell) Complex cells
Ciliates
178
only human parasite severe through a rare type of
dysentery
Balantidium coli
179
It has specialized structures for
ingestion (_________), elimination of
wastes (________), and the regulation of osmotic pressure (__________)
cytostome, analpore, contractile vacuoles
180
involved with protein synthesis and other ongoing cellular activities
macronucleus
181
attaches to objects in water by the base of its stalk.
Vorticella
182
live and grow by
ingesting fungi and bacteria by
phagocytosis.
ameboid cells
183
mass of protoplasm with many nuclei- moves as a giant ameba- engulfs organic debris and bacteria
Plasmodium
184
the protoplasm within the plasmodium moves and changes both its speed and direction so
that the oxygen and nutrients are evenly
distributed.
Cytoplasmic streaming
185
Two phyla of Helminths
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms)
186
Male and female reproductive system in one animal Two hermaphrodites may copulate and simultaneously fertilize each other.
Monoecious
187
Dorsoventrally flattened, the classes of parasitic flatworms include the trematodes and cestodes, cause disease or developmental disturbances in a wide variety of animals
Phylum Platyhelminthes
188
Separate male and female reproduction occurs only when two adults of the opposite sex are in the same host
Dioecious
189
Flat, leaf shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral sucker, obtain food by absorbing it through their nonliving outer covering, called cuticle
Trematodes or Flukes
190
Asian liver fluke occasionally seen in immigrants in the US.
Clonorchis sinensis
191
Blood fluke are not ingested
Schistosoma
192
Intestinal parasite, head/scolex has suckers for attaching to the intestinal mucosa of the definitive host; some have small hooks for attachment
Cestoda or Tapeworms
193
Body segments
Proglottids
194
Beef tapeworm, live in humans and can reach a length of 6m.
Taenia saginata
195
Contains "brood capsules" from which thousands if scoleces might be produced
Hydatid cyst
196
Consisting of a mouth, intestine, anus
Complete digestive system
197
Animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs
Arthropods
198
Classes of Phylum Arthropoda
Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea
199
Houseflies lay their eggs on decaying organic matter- pathogen attach on it- transport to our food
Mechanical transmission
200
Microbe multiplies in vector
Biological transmission
201
Parasites can accumulate in the vector's feces or saliva
Definitive host
