IV, CAD, Hypertension Flashcards
(38 cards)
What are the common IV sites?
Sites used are hands, arms, leg, foot.
How to select a site?
Veins should feel spongy, bouncy, and full. Avoid areas of thrombus/infection/fistulas/grafts/dialysis/mastectomy. Depends on preference and how long it will be in (hands are short term). Start dismally and move our way up.
What angle do you insert a needle on?
10-30 degrees
What is a bevel?
Looks like a teardrop. You want it facing you when you insert to allow for less pain.
Where do you apply tourniquet?
Applied 10-15 cm above the insertion site. Want venous blood to pool so we can see the vein better.
How often do we flush with saline?
Once a day or when there’s a problem with patency. You also have to flush before and after giving medication.
What can you do to allow for more venous distension?
Apply warm blanket over area, hang limb down below level of heart to allow gravity to help with blood flow.
What are the different fluid compartments in the body?
Intracellular (67%) and extra cellular (32%). ECF has 3 divisions. Intravascular (8% blood plasma) interstitial (24%, fluid between cells and outside of vessels) and trans cellular (1%, leftover fluid)
What is osmosis?
Movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from low to high concentration solutes to equalize concentrations on either side of membrane.
What is osmolality?
Total solute concentrations in aqueous solution.
What is isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic?
I- same concentration as blood plasma, 0.9 NS, D5W, LR
Hyper- higher concentration of solutes, pulls fluid out of cells to cause shrinkage, D5NS, D5 1/2NS
Hypo- lower concentration of solutes, moves fluid into cells to enlarge them, 0.45 NS
What is difference between primary and secondary lines?
P- directly attach to patient, know as maintenance lines
S- additional IV line attached to primary line
What is difference between pumps and gravity lines?
P- can program it to administer certain amount of fluid, machine will pump fluid in
G- less precise, uses gravity, how high you hang bag on pole influences rate solution will go in, kinked tubing stops flow, faulty
What is infiltration of IV site?
IV fluid enters surrounding space around vein puncture/site and solution goes to surrounding tissues. Causes can be kinked tubing or tape becomes loose. S+S are edema, pain, cool and pale skin. Solution is to stop infusion and remove IV, put on warm blanket, restart IV in another place, extremity should be raised and elevated.
What is phlebitis of IV site?
Inflammation of the vein. S+S are pain, edema, erythema, increased skin temperature. Solution is to discontinue IV line and new line inserted in another vein. Put warm/moist heat on site.
What is fluid volume excess?
Patient receives too much IV fluid over short time and body can’t handle the excess fluid. S+S are edema, increased urine output, crackles in lungs, SOB, increased BP/HR. Solution is give O2, discontinue and receive doctors order for new amount of fluid.
What is the values for micro drip and macro drip?
Micro drip= 60 get/mL
Macro drip= 10 ggt/mL, 15 ggt/mL, 20 ggt/mL
What is atherosclerosis?
It’s progressive. Damage to endothelium of blood vessel and plaque develops in area and starts to block vessel. Could eventually cause clot/obstruct the vessel.
What are some interventions for atherosclerosis?
Minimize modifiable factors like nutrition therapy to lower LDL cholesterol, physical activity 3-4 times a week for 40 minutes, drug therapy, and complementary and integrative health (low dose B vitamin).
How to assess for atherosclerosis?
Cardiovascular assessment (BP, pulses, capillary refill, bruit), health hx (diet, exercise, risk factors), and blood work (LDL cholesterol-bad, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides).
What is hypertension?
Persistent elevation of systolic BP (>= 135 mmHg) or diastolic BP (>= 85 mmHg).
What influences BP?
For BP to rise= needs to be increase in CO (cardiac output), HR, or peripheral vascular resistance. Arterial baroreceptors also affect HR/BP. Fluid volume influences BP (more Na in bloodstream=more water will join=higher BP).
What is primary and secondary hypertension?
P- elevated BP without indemnified cause, usually most cases
S- elevated BP with cause that’s identified/corrected, less common
How can we promote health for people with hypertension?
Physical activity for 30-60 minutes a dat, weight/stress reduction, DASH diet (dietary approaches to stop hypertension), smoking cessation, limit/stop alcohol use.
