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Jacksonian Democracy Flashcards

0
Q

Who were the 4 candidates in The Election of 1824 and where were they from?

A
  • Andrew Jackson-Tennessee
  • John Quincy Adams-Massachusetts
  • Henry Clay-Kentucky
  • William Crawford-Georgia
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1
Q

What are “Favorite Sons?”

A

A candidate who was favored by voters who lived in the same section of the country that they came from.

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2
Q

What were the results of The Election of 1824?

A

Jackson: 99 Electoral Votes
Adams: 84 Electoral Votes
Clay: 37 Electoral Votes
Crawford: 41 Electoral Votes

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3
Q

How many Electoral Votes do you have to receive to get the majority?

A

131 Electoral Votes

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4
Q

Why did the election have to go to the House of Representatives?

A

Nobody received the majority of Electoral Votes (131).
Because of this, the House gets to decide. Only the Top 3 candidates go to the House so Clay was out of the running because he got the lowest amount of Electoral Votes.

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5
Q

Who had a stroke before the House of Representatives voted the winning candidate?

A

William Crawford

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6
Q

What were the results from the House of Rep’s voting?

A

Adams-13 votes
Jackson-11 votes
Crawford-0 votes

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7
Q

Who influenced the election and how?

A

Clay influenced the election because he was Speaker of the House and he gave his support to Adams.

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8
Q

Who was Adams’s Vice President and Secretary of State?

A

Vice President: John C. Calhoun

Sec. Of State: Henry Clay

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9
Q

What was the “Corrupt Bargain?”

A

It was something that Jackson and his followers believed happened between Adams and Clay.
Jackson and his followers believed that Clay gave his support to Adams because Clay was promised Sec. Of State if Adams won.

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10
Q

What emerged due to the “Corrupt Bargain?”

A

Two political parties emerged

Democrats: Followers of Jackson

National Republicans: Followers of Adams

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11
Q

Who was John Adams’s son?

A

John Quincy Adams

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12
Q

Characteristics of John Quincy Adams?

A
  • Extremely Intelligent- Harvard Graduate at age 20, spoke 5 languages
  • Raised in the presence of politics
  • Experience- Ambassador to England, Sec. Of State under Monroe
  • Great Negotiator- Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine
  • Very Hard Worker- got up every morning at 5am, read the bible, wrote in his diary, and went to work.
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13
Q

What were John Quincy Adams’s long term visions for the U.S?

A

He saw us expanding all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
He wanted to have a national, public university to keep tuition down.
He was also the driving force behind the Smithsonian Institute (alongside James Smithson)

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14
Q

Where did John Quincy Adams serve after his Presidency?

A

He served in Congress.

Was also the 1st member of Congress to speak out against slavery.

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15
Q

What was placed on John Quincy Adams because of him speaking out against slavery in Congress?

A

“Gag Rule”

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16
Q

Because of his childhood, What did John Quincy Adams support?

A

Protective Tariffs-Product of New England
National Bank-Father was a Federalist

These beliefs were not popular in the West and South

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17
Q

What section of the country did the South feel that Adams only cared about? Why?

A

The Northeast.

The South was spoiled by Southern Presidents for 24 years (Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe).

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18
Q

What was John Quincy Adams accused of?

A

He was accused of over-spending by the Democrats.
Ex: Bought a pool and chess table for the White House. Democrats thought this was wasteful spending and brought gambling into the White House

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19
Q

What else did the Democrats accuse John Quincy Adams of doing?

A

They accused him of trying to take over the government and the country.
Ex: Ideas of national university and museum. These were not needed and not in the Constitution

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20
Q

Who was the 7th President?

A

Andrew Jackson

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21
Q

Describe Andrew Jackson’s childhood.

A
  • He was the youngest of 3 boys.
  • His dad died a few days before he was born.
  • His older brother died in 1780 in the Revolutionary War
  • His other brother died in 1781 of small pox.
  • His mother also catches small pox and dies a few days later.
  • He is an orphan by age 14
  • Grew up West of the Appalachian Mountains
  • Grew up very poor
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22
Q

What was Andrew Jackson’s educational background?

A

He spent 2 years in grammar school, but left at age 13 to fight in the Revolutionary War

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23
Q

What happened to Jackson in the Revolutionary War?

A

He was captured by the British and became a Prisoner of War.
While a POW a British officer asked Jackson to clean his boots. Jackson refused and the officer swung his sword at Jackson, catching his hand and head and leaving scars for life.

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24
Q

What was Jackson’s background in politics?

A

He became the Attorney General of the Tennessee territory in 1788. His job was to make sure that settlers paid for the land they settled in. This allowed Jackson to use his aggressiveness against people who didn’t pay.

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25
Q

Because of his job as Attorney General, how much money did he make and what was he able to do with his money?

A

His salary was a percentage of the money he collected. He built his own personal wealth and was able to but a large plantation outside of Nashville called the Hermitage.

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26
Q

Who was Jackson’s wife? What happened to their marriage?

A

Rachel Donelson Robards.
She had been previously married but it ended in divorce. Once her and Jackson were married, they discovered that the divorce was not legal which made their marriage nullified.

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27
Q

When was Jackson’s and Rachel’s marriage legalized and what issues did this cause?

A

They were legally married in 1794 and the incident would cause a great deal of controversy when Jackson ran for President

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28
Q

How many duels was Jackson involved in?

A

He was involved in 5 duels during his life. One duel involved him killing a man.

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29
Q

Who was Charles Dickinson and how was he involved in Jackson’s life?

A

He was a lawyer and he called Jackson a coward. Jackson went ahead with that duel and Dickinson was the faster draw, shooting Jackson in the rib. Jackson carried the bullet in him the rest of his life. While Jackson was falling he shot and killed Dickinson.

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30
Q

Who was the candidate for the Republican Party in The Election of 1828? The Democratic Party?

A

John Quincy Adams (Republican)
Similar to the old Federalist Party, supported by Northeast, seemed to favor wealthy.

Andrew Jackson (Democrats)
Became the party of the common people like farmers and middle class.
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31
Q

What is Mudslinging?

A

When a campaign is centered around name calling and personal attacks.

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32
Q

What was said about Jackson during The Election of 1828? What was said about Adams?

A

Jackson: Called ignorant (lack of education), murderer (duel with Dickinson), and a wife stealer (complications with wife’s divorce).

Adams: Blamed for overspending (purchase of pool and chess table), only caring about the Northeast, and trying to take over the Government.

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33
Q

What were the results of The Election of 1828?

A

Jackson: 178 Electoral Votes
Adams: 83 Electoral Votes

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34
Q

What was special about Jackson becoming President?

A 
He was the 1st President to be elected from West of the Appalachians.
He was the 1st President to ever come from lower class and he was the 1st President to not have a prominent place in society.
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35
Q

Who was Jackson’s Vice President and Sec. Of State?

A

Vice President: John C. Calhoun S.C

Sec. Of State: Martin Van Buren N.Y

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36
Q

What was Jackson the 1st President to use?

A

Spoils System

When an elected official give appointed positions to friends or people who helped get them elected.

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37
Q

What are the pros of the Spoil System?

A

Creates a great deal of loyalty to elected officials and to the political party.

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38
Q

What are the cons of the Spoil System?

A

Appointed officials could be unqualified, corruption, fairness - are the best candidates being chosen?

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39
Q

What was the Kitchen Cabinet?

A

A group of politicians and newspaper writers that Jackson met with in the Kitchen of he White House.
He met with these people because he stopped trusting his cabinet members (Eaton Affair, ECT.) and Jackson felt much closer to these other people.

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40
Q

What was Jackson the 1st President to use?

A

The Pocket Veto. When you leave a bill on your desk for 10 days. If Congress is in session at the end of the 10 days, the bill becomes a law. If Congress is not in session, the bill is vetoed.
This is an example of Jackson using his full powers as President.

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41
Q

What was the Eaton Affair?

A

John Eaton’s (Sec. Of State) wife Peggy was considered to be an outcast to the other cabinet members’ wives because she did not come from the same social background. She grew up poor and the other wives would not treat her equally because of this.

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42
Q

Who’s dad owned a bar where they worked at while they grew up?

A

Peggy Eaton.

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43
Q

What was Jackson’s response to the Eaton affair?

A

Jackson sided with Peggy because he came from poverty himself. He also had experience with his own wife being criticized during his campaign and dying from it. He also threatened to fire all the other cabinet members if their wives would not treat Peggy equally.

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44
Q

What was the Webster-Hayne Debate?

A

It was a debate about the tariff and how the South had become enslaved by the factories in the Northeast. It also turned into a debate about States’ Rights (whether a state can nullify a federal law because it doesn’t benefit that particular state)

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45
Q

What is the definition of Nullify?

A

To ignore or pretend it does not exist.

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46
Q

Who was Robert Hayne?

Webster-Hayne Debate

A

He was the man that argued the Southern viewpoint in the Webster-Hayne Debate, saying that the South had been hurt by the high tariff and had seen very few benefits. It had been taken advantage of by the federal gov. and should be able to “stop this abuse.”
He was from South Carolina.

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47
Q

Who was Daniel Webster?

Webster-Hayne Debate

A

He was the man that argued that all states must obey federal laws because the federal gov. must do what is best for the entire country, in the Webster-Hayne Debate.
He was from Massachusetts and was considered to be the best speaker in the U.S at this time because of his powerful voice and his sense for the dramatic.

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48
Q

How long did the Webster-Hayne Debate last?

A

3 days. It defined the differences between the North and South. It was hard to pick who won the debate, but it had a lasting impact on the friction between the North and South.

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49
Q

What did Hayne represent in the Webster-Hayne Debate?

A

States’ Rights and Nullification.

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50
Q

What did Webster represent in the Webster-Hayne Debate?

A

Nationalism.

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51
Q

Who read Webster’s speech out loud and where?

A

School children in the North read his speech out loud in School.

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52
Q

What was the South Carolina Exposition and what did it lead to?

A

South Caroline felt that the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were too high and that they would not be collected. It also stated that if the Federal Gov. tried to force S.C to enforce the tariff, they would secede!
This was a practice of Nullification and led to the Nullification Crisis.

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53
Q

Who was the South Carolina movement led by?

South Carolina Exposition

A

John C. Calhoun. The Vice President who was informed that he would not be nominated for Jackson’s second term because he was showing his loyalty to South Carolina over the U.S.

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54
Q

What was Jackson’s reaction to the S.C Exposition?

A

He was furious, claiming that S.C was violating “the letter of the Constitution” and he would use force he stop them.

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55
Q

What did Congress pass because of the S.C Exposition?

A

The Force Bill.

56
Q

What did The Force Bill state?

A

It stated that the U.S army and navy could be used it state officials refused to cooperate with federal tax (tariff) collectors.

57
Q

Who introduced a tariff reduction bill?

A

Henry Clay

58
Q

What did the tariff reduction bill do?

A

It lowered a tariff over a 10 year period.

59
Q

What was the final result of he S.C Exposition?

A

Both sides claimed victory, but the issue of nullification still remained.
Both sides backed down or postponed the problem because it was never resolved.

60
Q

What was the Maysville Road Bill and who created it?

A

Henry Clay created it because he wanted a road to be built from Maysville KY to Lexington KY and he wanted federal and state funds to build this road. The Bill passed through Congress because of Clay’s power in Congress and was sent to Jackson.

61
Q

Why did Jackson do with the Maysville Road Bill and why?

A

He vetoed the bill because:

  1. He felt them at Federal Gov. Money should not be used for a project that benefitted one state.
  2. It was an opportunity to get revenge on Clay for the “Corrupt Bargain”
62
Q

Why would Calhoun not run for Vice President again?

A

Eaton affair- Calhoun’s wife was the ringleader and would not socialize with Peggy while Jackson supported Peggy.
Nullification- Calhoun was a sectionalist who felt each state had this right while Jackson was a nationalist who felt this would rip the country apart.

63
Q

What did Jackson discover about Calhoun during his Presidency that was another reason why Calhoun wouldn’t run for Vice President again?

A

Jackson discovered that in 1818, during the Florida Problem, Calhoun told Monroe the Jackson could not be trusted and should be court-martialed .
Calhoun was Secretary of State to Monroe. Jackson was furious even though it happened 14 years before and now Calhoun was his enemy.

64
Q

How many years did the Bank of United States’ charter last?

A

20 years.

From 1816 to 1836

65
Q

Who wanted to run for President in 1832 and what did he need?

A

Henry Clay wanted to run for president in 1832 and he needed a campaign issue.

66
Q

What did Henry Clay realize during his Presidential Campaign in 1832?

A

He realized that whoever won the Presidency in 1832 would have the opportunity to help shape the future of the B.U.S.

67
Q

What was Henry Clay’s campaign issue?

A

The B.U.S

68
Q

Who was against the Bank of the United States? Why?

A

Jackson was against the Bank of the United States because he felt that the Bank favored the wealthy.

69
Q

What was the Bank of the United States’ 2 jobs?

A
  1. To print money

2. To give loans

70
Q

Who didn’t trust paper money and what did they feel about special favors?

A

Farmers didn’t trust paper money and felt that special favors were given to the wealthy concerning loans.
Jackson felt that he had to protect the interests of the common people.

71
Q

Who was the president of the B.U.S?

A

Nicholas Biddle

72
Q

Why did Jackson dislike Nicholas Biddle?

A

Biddle had bought off newspaper reporters to write negative stories about Jackson and also claimed that he (Biddle) was the most powerful man in the U.S. Jackson saw this as a threat and felt that he must prove Biddle wrong.

73
Q

In what year was a new charter passed for the B.U.S and who passed it?

A

The new 20 year charter for the B.U.S was passed in 1832 and it was passed by Clay and Congress.

74
Q

Where was the new Bank of the United States charter sent to and what happened with that bill?

A

The bill was sent to Jackson and Jackson vetoed the bill which caused an election issue.

75
Q

What were the results of the Election of 1832?

A

Jackson and Van Buren – 219 E.V

Clay – 49 E.V

76
Q

What did Jackson feel that the American people were saying after the Election of 1832?

A

Jackson felt that the American people were sending him a message to destroy the Bank of the United States.

77
Q

What did Jackson want to do with the Federal Money in the Bank of the United States?

A

Jackson wanted to take the federal money out of the Bank of the United States and he ordered William Duane to withdraw the money of the federal government. William Duane was secretary of treasury under Jackson.

78
Q

What did Duane say to Jackson and what happened to him?

A

Duane refused to take the money out of the Bank of the United States and Jackson fired him. Duane was replaced by Roger Taney, who agreed to take the money out of the Bank of the United States.

79
Q

What did Roger Taney taking money out of the B.U.S cause?

A

This caused private investors to worry about the status of the Bank of the United States and they began a rush on the Bank of the United States.
The bank had soon lost most of its money and with it, power.

80
Q

Where was the money placed that was taken out of the Bank?

A

The money was placed into local banks that were owned by loyal supporters of Jackson. This was an example of the Spoils System.

81
Q

What were these local banks known as and what did it show?

A

These local banks became known as “Pet Banks.” This showed favoritism

82
Q

What power did the “Pet Banks” have?

A

These banks had the important power to print money.

83
Q

What was the Specie Circular?

A

This stated that all land had to be bought with gold or silver coins because “Pet Banks” begin printing too much paper money which cause inflation.
Also, they began giving out too many loans and many people could not pay back their loans. The government wanted to regain control over the inflation so the government passed this law.

84
Q

What were the two effects of the Specie Circular?

A

People who wanted to buy land went to the banks and traded their paper money for gold and silver.
Also, it showed that the U.S government no longer trusted paper money.

85
Q

What was the result of the Specie Circular?

A

There was a rush on the banks for gold and silver, but the banks did not have enough gold and silver and closed.
(Went Bankrupt)

86
Q

What did the closing of the banks cause?

A

The Panic of 1837.

87
Q

What were the five reasons why the banks closed and panic set in?

A
  • Too much money was printed.
  • Banks gave questionable loans and when people no longer trusted paper money, the banks wanted the loans paid back in gold or silver.
  • The banks began recalling loans in gold or silver.
  • British banks began recalling their loans to American banks and demanded gold or silver, which caused more U.S banks to close.
  • The cause of all this was that there was more paper money than gold and silver.
88
Q

What was the Whig party?

A

It was a new political party formed by people who hated Jackson.

89
Q

Why did the people in this new political party hate Jackson?

Whigs

A

Some were Southerners who believed in States’ Rights.
Others were followers of Webster and Clay.
Others liked the Bank of the United States.

90
Q

What was the most controversial thing Jackson did?

A

Trail of Tears.

91
Q

What did Jackson want with the Native Americans?

A

He wanted all Native Americans to be moved west of the Mississippi River.

92
Q

Which Indians had a reservation in North Carolina and Georgia?

A

The Cherokee Indians

93
Q

What steps did the Cherokee take to fit into American society?

A

They established a school for their children.
They established a newspaper called the “Cherokee Phoenix.”
They invented an alphabet for their language.

94
Q

What did the Cherokee have that stated that they could keep their land?

A

They had 2 Supreme Court decisions.

95
Q

What did Jackson say to the Cherokee Supreme Court decisions?

A

He did not care about them and forced the Cherokee to walk to Oklahoma from Georgia and North Carolina.

96
Q

How many miles was this march and how many Cherokee died?

A

The march was 800 miles and around 4,000 Cherokee died from malnutrition, disease, and fatigue.

97
Q

What was the Cherokee march known as?

A

This was known as the “Trail of Tears.”

98
Q

What did a small group of Cherokee do during the “Trail of Tears?”

A

A small group of Cherokee refused to leave North Carolina and hid in the Smoky Mountains. Today, there is a Cherokee reservation in that area.

99
Q

Who was the Candidate for the Democrats in the Election of 1836?

A

Martin Van Buren, former Sec. Of State and Vice President, was hand-picked by Jackson.

100
Q

Who were the candidates for the Whig party and how were they chosen?
(Election of 1836)

A

The candidate were
Hugh White (Tennessee)
William Henry Harrison (Ohio)
Daniel Webster (Massachusetts)

They were chosen through “Favorite Sons”

101
Q

What were the results of the Election of 1836?

A

Van Buren - 170 E.V
Harrison - 73 E.V
White - 26 E.V
Webster - 14 E.V

102
Q

What was the platform of the Whig Party?

A

Clay’s old American System.

103
Q

What was Jackson’s nickname?

A

“Old Hickory”
and
“Stonewall Jackson”

104
Q

What did Van Buren believe in?

Economics

A

“Laissez Faire” Economics, which meant the the government should not interfere with the economy.

105
Q

What was the Independent Treasury Act of 1840?

A

It withdrew money from the “Pet Banks” and placed it into government vaults to take money out of the economy.

106
Q

Was the Independent Treasury Act of 1840 effective?

A

No it wasn’t.

The Panic of 1837 was too far along for a small act to really impact.

107
Q

What happened to Van Buren?

Panic of 1837

A

He became more and more unpopular as his tent progressed because the public blamed him for the Panic of 1837.

108
Q

Who were the candidates for the Election of 1840?

A

Democrats - Van Buren - Incumbent (Someone who already holds that position and is running for reelection)
Whigs - William H. Harrison - War Hero

109
Q

Who did Harrison chose as his Vice President?

A 
John Tyler (Virgina)
Tyler was a former Democrat who believed in States' Rights.
110
Q

Who was the first person to create a campaign slogan and what was the slogan?

A

Harrison was the 1st person to create a campaign slogan.
The slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!”
It referred to Harrison’s military experience.

111
Q

What was Harrison the 1st Presidential Candidate to do?

A

He was the 1st Presidential Candidate to give campaign speeches.
He had the idea of a campaign projections an image of a candidate, even if it wasn’t true.

112
Q

What was Clay and Webster’s plan if Harrison got elected for President?

A

If Harrison was elected then they would run the government from behind the scenes.

113
Q

Why wouldn’t Clay or Webster just get elected President themselves?
(Harrison’s Presidency)

A

They had made too many enemies over the years. Because of how many enemies they had, they would have had no chance of winning.

114
Q

What were the results of the Election of 1840?

A

Van Buren/Richard Johnson - 60 E.V

Harrison/Tyler - 234 E.V

115
Q

What happened with Harrison’s Inauguration Speech?

A

It was the longest speech in U.S History at 1 Hour and 40 Mins in the cold! After the speech, he wanted to prove that he wasn’t old so he walked from the Capitol Building Steps to the White House!
(He was oldest elected President at 69 years old until Reagan was elected)

116
Q

What happened after Harrison’s long Inauguration Speech in the cold?

A

He got a cold that developed into pneumonia and died after 30 days in office!
John Tyler became the new President.

117
Q

What was John Tyler known as?

A

He was known as the “President by Accident” because no one meant for him to become President.

118
Q

What happened to Clay and Webster’s plan with Tyler?

A

Tyler refused to go along with their plan.

119
Q

What did Tyler do with every Whig Bill?

A

He vetoed every Whig Bill passed in Congress except for one over 4 years.
The bill was a spending bill keeping the government operating.

120
Q

What happened between Tyler and his Cabinet?

A

He did not get along with his Cabinet members because the agrees to serve for Harrison, not Tyler. Every Cabinet member, except for Webster (Sec. Of State) resigned.

121
Q

What was Tyler’s Presidency and what was Tyler called?

A

His Presidency was known as “4 Frustrating Years” and he was called a “Man without a Party”

122
Q

What did John Deere develop and start?

A

He developed the Steel Plow and started a Farm Machinery Shop.

123
Q

What did Cyrus McCormick invent?

A

The McCormick reaper to cut wheat more effectively.

124
Q

Who INVENTED the sewing machine?

A

Elias Howe.

125
Q

What did I.M Singer do?

A

He invented the foot treadle, began the installment plan, and started advertising in Magazines.

126
Q

Who developed Morse Code and invented the Telegraph?

A

Samuel Morse.

127
Q

Who invented vulcanized rubber?

A

Charles Goodyear.

128
Q

What did Dorothea Dix do?

A

She started the movement for better care for the mentally ill. She found people with mental problems in jails, closets, attics, and cellars. She said that some living conditions smelled so badly that people would turn away because of the stench.

129
Q

What was Nat Turner’s Revolt?

A

It was the largest slave rebellion in US History. He was a slave in Virginia that led a group of 50 to 60 slaves that killed 60 white men.

130
Q

Who was Harriet Tubman?

A

She was one of the most famous conductor on the underground railroad. She helped over 300 slaves, including her own family escape to freedom and was known as “Moses”. (Black Moses)

131
Q

Who was Frederick Douglass?

A

He was one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement. He began an anti-slavery newspaper called “The North Star.”

132
Q

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

A

He was a white northerner who was captured by slavery supporters and dragged through the streets of Boston. He began the anti-slavery newspaper called “The Liberator.”

133
Q

What was the Women’s movement?

A

It was where women began to speak out about their rights.

134
Q

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

A

She was an early leader of the Women’s Rights Movement.

135
Q

What was the Women’s Rights Convention called?

A

Seneca Falls.

136
Q

Who were the leaders of the Whigs?

A

Webster and Clay.

137
Q

What did the “Gag Rule” state?

A

When you were in Congress, you were not aloud to speak about slavery.

History (6 decks)

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