Manifest Destiny Flashcards
(221 cards)
0
Q
What did Americans believe at this time?
A
That the U.S should expand from Ocean to Ocean
1
Q
Hey guys!
You can all ace this test!
Study hard!
A
Check out my Science set too!
Study Hard! I have faith in all of you!
Good luck on your test!
2
Q
Who is given credit for coining the term “Manifest Destiny”?
A
John O’Sullivan
4
Q
What were the 5 reasons why the Americans believed we should expand from ocean to ocean?
A
- Americans had always felt the need to expand
- Created new market for business
- Population increased because of immigration
- The west was an escape from the panic of 1837
- Americans wanted to expand our form of government
5
Q
What was the west originally labeled?
A
Great American Desert
6
Q
Why was settlement to the West slow?
A
People believed the west was a wasteland because when the explorers came back, all they talked about were the Rocky’s and the Deserts
7
Q
Since the 1820’s _____ and _______ both had claims to the Oregon Territory.
(Fill In Blank)
A
U.S. & England
8
Q
What helped to strengthen the U.S. claim on Oregon?
A
More Americans were moving to Oregon in the 1840’s
9
Q
What 3 things were the cause of so much migration to Oregon?
A
- Abundance of rich soil
- Abundance of fur
- Panic of 1837
10
Q
Where did the Oregon Trail run from?
A
Independence, Missouri to present day Washington
11
Q
What were Conestoga Wagons?
A
Covered wagons that were pulled by 4-6 oxen and went an average speed of 2-3mph
12
Q
Where did the Santa Fe Trail run from?
A
St. Louis, Missouri to Santa Fe
13
Q
Today, over half of the Western Region is the _______ _______.
(Fill in blank)
A
Great Plains.
14
Q
Where is the best farmland in the world located?
A
Great Plains
15
Q
What was the population in 1810 compared to the population in 1850?
A
1810: 7 million people
1850: 28 million people
Quadruple increase in 40 years!
16
Q
How did the west become an escape from the Panic of 1837?
A
If you lost everything, you could move out West and start over.
17
Q
In the mid-1840’s, how likely did it seem that either England or the U.S would give up their claims to the Oregon Territory?
A
Very unlikely.
18
Q
By 1844, Americans were in the Oregon area with what?
A
Livestock
19
Q
When did Mexico win their independence?
A
1821
20
Q
Why did they allow Americans to come into their country?
Mexico
A
Americans brought money which stimulated the Mexican economy.
21
Q
What is a Caravan?
A
10 wagons traveling together.
22
Q
Why did Americans travel in Caravans?
A
They could carry goods that could be sold for high profit.
Also, traveling in a group allowed better protection against thieves and animals.
23
Q
Why did trade drop off in the 1830’s between Mexico and U.S?
A
U.S-Mexicans relationship became strained.
24
Q
Who are the Mormons?
A
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
25
What did the Mormons do that was an example of Manifest Destiny?
They moved out West and spread American culture.
26
Who was the founder of the Mormons?
Joseph Smith.
27
What was Joseph Smith's vision and when did he have this vision?
He had a vision that God wanted him to write a 3rd testament to the Bible.
He had this vision in 1830.
28
Where did Smith begin his religion?
Up-state New York.
29
What book did Joseph Smith write?
The Book of Mormon
30
How many followers did Smith have?
1,000 followers
31
What religion did Smith believe in?
| Kind of a trick question!
Christianity.
32
Why did Smith write The Book of Mormon?
He felt that God wanted him to add to the Bible.
33
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is one of the few religions that _______ __ ____ ___?
(Fill in Blanks)
Started in the U.S
34
Where did the Mormons move to from New York and why?
They moved to Kirtland, Ohio after being persecuted in New York.
35
Why did the Mormons move to Nauvoo, Illinois from Kirtland, Ohio?
They were persecuted again in Kirtland.
36
In what city did the Mormons finally feel accepted?
Nauvoo, Illinois
37
After __ years in Illinois, their church grew to ______ followers.
(Fill in Blanks)
5 years
| 15,000 followers
38
What is polygamy?
When someone has more than one wife.
39
When did Smith claim that Mormons could practice polygamy?
1844
40
Why was Smith arrested?
He was charged with destroying a local printing press because negative news stories began to appear about him and the Mormons.
41
How was Smith killed and who was killed along with him?
While waiting for his trial, an angry mob broke into the jail and killed Smith.
His brother was killed along with him.
42
Who became the leader of the Mormons after Smith's death?
Brigham Young.
43
Brigham Young practiced what?
Polygamy.
44
How many wives and children did Young have?
48 wives
| 66 children
45
What did Brigham Young realize the Mormons couldn't do in 1844?
He realized that they couldn't stay in Illinois, or the U.S
46
Where did the Mormons move to after Brigham Young became the leader?
The Mormons moved across the Great Plains and settled by the Great Salt Lake.
47
What was the land like by the Great Salt Lake?
The land wasn't fertile. The land was also dry.
48
Because of the dry land what did the Mormons have to make?
They had to make an irrigation system so their crops would grow well.
49
What happened to the Mormons crops in 1848?
Hordes of crickets descended and ate all their crops.
50
What does legend say about Sea Gulls?
Sea Gulls appeared and would eat crickets, drink the salt water, vomit, then go eat more crickets.
51
Americans who agreed to settle the land of Texas and help Spain develop the territory were called what?
Empresarios
51
Who was the very first Empresario?
Stephan Austin
52
What two things did the Empresarios agree to due in order to get land in the Texas territory?
Convert to Catholicism & learn Spanish
53
What are the original families that settled in Texas known as?
The Old 300
54
A monument to what stands in Salt Lake City today?
A monument to Sea Gulls
55
Mexico outlawed slavery in what year?
1829
56
How did the outlaw of slavery cause Mexico problems?
They did not enforce the law immediately.
57
In 1830, ______ Americans living in Texas owned _____ to _____ slaves.
(Fill in Blanks)
20,000 Americans
| 1,000 to 1,500 slaves.
58
What were the basic differences between Mexicans and Texans?
Mexicans:
Spoke Spanish
Catholics
Texans:
Spoke English
Protestants
Slavery
59
What two Presidents had offered to buy Texas and how much did they offer?
J.Q Adams offered $1 million
| Jackson offered $5 million
60
What did Mexico do with the Presidents offers?
| Jackson and J.Q Adams
Mexico would not consider the offers. They would not give Texas to the U.S
61
In 1830, Mexico passed a law. What did this law do?
It closed immigration between the U.S and Mexico
62
Why did Mexico send troops into Texas?
To make sure that laws were being obeyed.
63
How did Americans get into Texas if Mexico sent troops into Texas?
There weren't enough troops to patrol the border.
64
Who went to Mexico City in 1833 and what did he have with him?
Stephen Austin went into Mexico City with a petition.
65
What would Stephen Austin's petition allow?
It would allow Texas to be a separate state within Mexico.
66
What happened to Austin and his petition?
His petition was rejected.
| Austin was arrested on his way home for treason.
67
How long was Austin in prison for?
18 months
68
What was one of the main problems with the Mexican Government?
It changed drastically every time a new leader took over.
69
How often did Revolutions occur in Mexico?
Every few years.
70
Because of how often Revolutions took place, the Mexican Government was very difficult to _________ ____.
(Fill in Blanks)
Negotiate with.
71
Where did the first battle of the Texas Revolution take place?
Gonzales, Texas
72
What were the Mexican Army coming to get in Gonzales, Texas that they did not want the Texans to have?
A cannon
73
What did the flag say that was next to the cannon in Gonzales, and can now be seen all over the present day city?
"Come and Take it"
74
When did the battle at the Alamo take place?
February 23, 1836 to March 6, 1836
75
Who was the President of Mexico?
Santa Anna
76
What was Santa Anna before he became President?
A general in the Mexican army
77
How many troops did Santa Anna March into Texas?
6,000 troops.
78
How many Texans were the Mexican army attacking at the Alamo?
187 Texans
79
What was the abandoned mission where the attack took place called?
The Alamo
| Near present day San Antonio
80
What is a mission?
| Alamo is a mission
A fort/church
81
What 2 things gave the Texans a great strategic advantage?
| Battle at the Alamo
1. The Texans were inside the Alamo
| 2. The Mexicans has to cross the San Antonio River, which formed a semi-circle around the mission.
82
Who led the Texans during the attack at the Alamo?
W.B. Travis.
83
How long did the battle at Alamo last?
13 days.
84
Why did the battle end so quickly?
| Alamo
Texans ran out of ammunition.
85
How many Texans were killed at the Alamo?
All 187 of them (including Davy Crockett and the Bowie brothers)
86
Who were the only American survivors at the Alamo?
Susana Dickinson (one of the wives), her infant son, and 2 slaves.
87
How many Mexicans were killed at the Alamo?
About 1,600
88
What did Santa Anna have his men do with the dead Texan bodies?
He had them pour oil over them and burn them.
89
About ___ Texan civilians surrendered to Santa Anna at a small town called ______ on March __, 1836
(Fill in Blanks)
400
Goliad
27th
90
Where is Goliad?
30 miles from Gulf of Mexico and about 150-200 miles North of Rio Grande River
91
What happened to the civilians at Goliad?
Santa Anna had his men massacre them.
92
What was the difference between the Texans who were killed at the Alamo and the ones killed at Goliad?
At the Alamo, the men killed were fighting against Santa Anna and his army.
At Goliad, the men killed were civilians who had surrendered to Santa Anna and his army.
93
The Texans began to _____ after Goliad.
| Fill in Blank
Unite
94
Who gave their support to Texas and how did they give their support?
Americans gave support by sending supplies and going to Texas to help fight.
95
What 3 rally phrases did the Texans begin using after Goliad?
"Remember the Alamo!"
"Remember Goliad!"
"Death to Santa Anna!"
96
__________ was the leader of the small Texan army.
| Fill in Blank
Sam Houston.
97
Houston realized that the Texan army could not fight the Mexicans __________.
(Fill in Blank)
Head to head.
98
Houston led his men on a __ day retreat heading ____, looking for the opportunity to lead a ________ attack.
(Fill in Blanks)
37
East
Surprise
99
Where did the Texans attack the Mexicans and what were the Mexicans in the middle of?
They attacked at San Jacinto and the Mexicans were in the middle of Siesta Hour (AKA, Afternoon Nap)
100
What did the Texans accomplish with their surprise attack on the Mexicans?
They wiped out the Mexican army and captured Santa Anna.
101
What did the Texans force Santa Anna to do under captivity?
Sign 2 treaties.
102
What did these treaties say Santa Anna had to do?
The treaties said he had to agree to withdraw all Mexican troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande River as the Southern border of Texas.
103
As soon as Santa Anna was released, what did Mexico do?
They refused to recognize either treaty.
104
Why was Mexico upset with the U.S?
Americans were providing soldiers and supplies to Texas, who desperately needed the help.
105
____________ and ______ immediately recognized Texas as an independent country in ____ and the ___ followed in ____.
(Fill in Blanks)
```
Great Britain
France
1836
U.S
1837
```
106
Texas was an independent country from ____ to ____.
| Fill in Blanks
1836 to 1845
107
The Texas Constitution was very similar to what?
U.S Constitution
108
Why were England and France allies with Texas?
Texas allowed slavery. England and France hoped they could buy cheap cotton from Texas to avoid the high U.S tariff.
109
How many stars did the Texas national flag have?
One.
110
What is Texas called today?
Lone Star State
111
What did the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (of 1842) settle?
It settled disputes between the U.S and England over land in present day Maine and Minnesota.
112
Who negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?
Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton.
113
What state did the Webster-Ashburton Treaty not mention and why?
The treaty did not mention Oregon because neither country wanted to rush into an agreement over this territory.
114
Which election centered around Western Expansion?
The Election of 1844
115
Who were the candidates in the Election of 1844 and where were they from?
Whig Party: Henry Clay-Kentucky
Democrats: James K. Polk-Tennessee
Liberty Party: James Birney-New York
116
At 1st, who seemed to be the candidate for the Democrats, and why wasn't he the candidate?
At 1st, it appeared that the Democrats would run Van Buren but he was against the immediate annexation of Texas, causing him to lose the support of the Southern Democrats.
117
Why wasn't John C. Calhoun a candidate?
He could not get enough Northern support.
118
What was Polk's previous job in the Government?
He was the former Speaker of the House
119
In the Election of 1844, what was James K Polk's campaign slogan?
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight"
120
What is a "Darkhorse" and who was the 1st "Darkhorse" in U.S History?
A "Darkhorse" is someone who unexpectedly wins.
| The 1st "Darkhorse" in U.S History was James K. Polk.
121
What was special about the Liberty Party?
They were anti-slavery
122
Birney drew support from many _____ in _______, causing Clay to lose _______.
(Fill in Blanks)
Whigs
New York
New York
123
What were Clay's thoughts about the annexation of Texas?
He said that he was for the annexation of Texas if all sections of the country agreed to it and if we could avoid going to war.
124
What were Polk's thoughts about the annexation of Texas?
He was definitely in favor of the annexation of Texas and the Democratic platform called for the "re-annexation of Texas and the re-occupation of Oregon"
This phrase showed how the Democrats were totally for expansion.
125
What were Birney's thoughts about the annexation of Texas?
He didn't take a stand on expansion, (the whole Liberty Party did not take a stand on expansion) choosing instead to concentrate on Slavery
126
What were the results of the Election if 1844?
Polk: 170 E.V (Won)
Clay: 105 E.V
Birney: 0 E.V
127
Why is Polk considered to be one of the best Presidents?
He was crucial in the expansion of the U.S.
| We gained more land in his Presidency than we did in any other Presidency
128
Who receives very little recognition from the American public?
James K. Polk
129
*BONUS QUESTION*
If you get this right, you are amazing.
What is Polk's middle name?
Knox
| *This may or may not be on the Test but if you got this right, you know your stuff*
130
Polk was a HUGE __________
| Fill in Blank
Workaholic
131
How old was Polk when he became President?
49 years old
| Youngest President at that time
132
How many terms did Polk serve?
One.
133
When did Polk die?
A few months after leaving office.
134
In his 4 years in office, how many times did Polk eat outside of the White House?
One time for a non-government function.
135
What color did Polk's hair turn while he was President?
It turned white
136
What did many people think was Polk's cause of death?
He worked himself to death
137
Polk was close friends with who?
Jackson
138
What was Polk's nickname?
Young Hickory
139
The main accomplishment of Polk's Presidency was the _____________.
(Fill in Blank)
Land Acquisition
140
In what year did the U.S acquire Texas?
1845
141
In what year did the U.S acquire Oregon?
1846
142
In what year did the U.S acquire the Mexican Cession?
1848
143
How long did the Mexican war last?
2 years
| 1845-1847
144
Why did the Mexican War even happen?
* Mexico was mad about the annexation of Texas.
* Boundary Dispute - Mexico claimed the Southern border of Texas was the Nueces River, while the Americans claimed it was the Rio Grande River.
* Mexican Government changed hands so often it was difficult to negotiate with them.
145
How much money did Polk offer for the Mexican Cession?
$30 million
146
What did the Mexicans say to Polk's offer for the Mexican Cession?
The flatly refused his offer.
147
What did Polk decide after the Mexicans refused his offer for the Mexican Cession?
He decided to take the Mexican Cession by force.
148
Polk sent ______________ with _____ men (soldiers) to the Rio Grande, straight at the Mexican army.
(Fill in Blanks)
Zachary Taylor
| 4,000
149
When and why did the Mexican army attack Zachary Taylor and his men?
When: April 25, 1847
Why: Sending Zachary Taylor provoked the Mexican army.
150
How many Americans were killed or wounded when the Mexicans attacked Taylor and the army?
16 Americans were killed or wounded.
151
Polk went to Congress after the Mexican army attacked. What did Polk say to Congress?
He said that we must declare war because of the shedding of "American blood on American soil!"
152
What were the results of Polk's talk to Congress?
A patriotic Congress voted overwhelmingly to go to war.
153
Mexico was looking for a reason to do what?
Go to war
154
U.S invaded Mexico from the summer of ____ through the summer of ____.
(Fill in Blanks)
1846
| 1847
155
Who led the invasion of Mexico?
Zachary Taylor led the invasion.
156
What did Zachary Taylor become known as and why did he get this nickname?
He became known as "Old Rough and Ready" after he defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista.
157
_________ led the American army into Mexico City. He led ______ men from ___ ships on the landing at _________.
(Fill in Blanks)
(Too many blanks or can you guys figure it out?)
General Winfield Scott
14,000 men
200 ships
Vera Cruz
158
Who led the "Long March" from Ft. Leavenworth to Santa Fe?
General Stephen Kearney
159
General Kearney captured Santa Fe without doing what?
Firing a shot
160
When did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo get signed?
1848
161
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo say?
It said that Mexico would recognize the Rio Grande River as the Southern border of Texas.
It said that the U.S gains the Mexican Cession.
It also says that Mexico receives $15 million for the Mexican Cession.
162
A debate began after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo happened. What was this debate about?
Should slavery spread into the territories.
163
What was on everyone's minds and was becoming a bigger and bigger issue?
Should slavery spread into the territories. (The debate)
164
What were the 2 arguments in this debate?
| Should slavery be spread into the territories
1. Could slavery be used in other capacities? Such as ranch hands or miners.
2. Slavery could be profitable in future territories such as Cuba.
165
The debate of: Should slavery spread into the territories? would be argued between the _____ and _____.
(Fill in Blanks)
North and South
166
What did Polk refuse to do in the Election of 1848?
He refused to run for re-election.
167
Who were the candidates in the Election of 1848?
Whigs: Zachary Taylor (Virginia)
Democrats: Lewis Cass (Michigan)
Free Soil Party: Martin Van Buren (NY)
168
What did Zachary Taylor have in common with Harrison?
They were both war heroes.
169
What was Cass's personality like?
He was "colorless"
| As exciting as a concrete block
170
The candidate of the Whig and Democratic Parties avoided what in the Election of 1848?
Both candidates avoided the slavery issue, including the expansion of slavery.
171
The Free Soil party was against _____
| Fill in Blank
Slavery.
172
What is controversial about the Mormons?
Polygamy
173
What is the official name of the Church of the Mormons?
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
174
What state did Polk come from?
Tennessee
175
What battle took place at an old abandoned church?
Battle of Alamo.
176
Who was President during the Mexican war?
Polk
177
Who discovered gold?
Jim Marshall
178
Because of the Compromise, what state became a free state?
California
179
Who came up with the Compromise of 1850?
Clay
180
What is the town where civilians were massacred?
Goliad
181
Who said the U.S. should have 2 Presidents at a time?
Calhoun
182
Who was the general that captured Mexico City?
Scott
183
What President was against the Compromise of 1850?
Taylor
184
What is the name of the man who made Clay loose the Election of 1844?
Birney
185
What were the results in the Election of 1848?
Taylor: 163 E.V (Won)
Cass: 127 E.V
Van Buren: 0 E.V
186
What seemed to be picking up speed?
| Look at Van Buren's Pop. Vote v.s Birney's Pop. Vote
The anti-slavery movement.
187
Who was Taylor's Vice President?
Millard Fillmore
188
When did the Gold Rush start?
1848
189
Gold was discovered in __________ in 1848 by __________ in the ________ River.
(Fill in Blanks)
California
Jim Marshall
American
190
Why did so many people rush to California?
Word spread back East about there being Gold and stories about the amount of Gold were exaggerated. Because of the stories, people thought they could find lots of Gold.
191
______ people found gold and became rich, but ____ people found nothing and would have been better off if they never would have come to __________.
(Fill in Blanks)
A few
Most
California
192
What started to happen very quickly because of all the people traveling to California?
Boomtowns started to become cities very quickly. (Especially San Francisco)
193
The best chance of becoming successful in California was to do what?
Establish a business for people to buy supplies.
194
Who became the most successful during the Gold Rush and how?
Levi Strauss became the most successful by creating jeans out of tent fabric.
*Today we have Levi's Jeans!*
195
Because of the fast rush of people, what happened to California?
California applied for statehood in 1849. One year after gold was discovered.
196
In 1849 there were an _____ number of states. __ free, __ slave, which kept a balance in the ______.
(Fill in Blanks)
Equal
15 free
15 slave
Senate
197
The House was dominated by the _____ because of the ______ population.
(Fill in Blanks)
North
| Larger
198
In 1849, what did California do?
| What did this start?
California applied for statehood. This started a debate on whether it should be a free or slave state.
199
What did the South feel would happen if California was admitted as a free state?
If California was admitted as a free state, the South felt that the rest of the territory out West would follow.
200
There were 3 important Congressmen that helped work out a compromise.
Who were these 3 men?
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.
201
How old were these 3 Congressmen?
| Webster, Calhoun, and Clay
Clay: 73 years old
Calhoun: 68 years old
Webster: 68 years old
202
What did Clay do in this compromise?
| Compromise of 1850
He urged the North and South to make concessions (compromises) to keep the Union together. He wanted the North to make a stronger fugitive slave law too.
203
What did Calhoun do in this compromise?
| Compromise of 1850
He agreed with Clay about keeping the Union together, but felt that there should be a stronger position made for the South. He also had the idea of electing 2 Presidents, one from the North and one from the South, each with veto power.
204
What did Webster do in this compromise?
| Compromise of 1850
He gave a 3 hour speech supporting Clay's proposals. He also wanted a strict fugitive slave law. He felt that slavery would not be profitable in the new territories, so they shouldn't worry about it.
205
What was Webster suffering from at this time?
Liver problems.
206
When did Calhoun die and what did he die from?
He died in 1850 of tuberculosis.
| HE DIED BEFORE THE DEBATE HAD ENDED.
207
Because the debate/compromise was the last meeting of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster, what would happen the next time there is a serious problem?
The next time there is a serious problem, there would be no strong leaders in Congress to speak about compromise.
208
What 2 things did Clay know?
| Compromise of 1850
He knew that he couldn't get the compromise passed by himself and he knew that the South did not trust the North.
209
Clay got _______'s support because _______ was a great speaker and very intelligent, while Clay had ____ and knew how to ____ people.
(Fill in Blanks)
Webster's
Webster
Tact
Read
210
What were the 6 points to the Compromise of 1850?
| Which section if the country did each point benefit?
1.) California was admitted as a free state. Benefits North.
2.) Remainder of Mexican Cession would be decided at a later time. Benefits South
3.) Slave trade was abolished in D.C.
Benefits North
4.) The U.S would assume the debt of Texas which was $10 million. Benefits South
5.)There would be a Strict Fugitive Slave Law. Benefits South.
6.) The disputed territory between Texas and New Mexico would belong to New Mexico. Benefits North.
211
Clay had become weak. Who presented the Compromise/Bill while Clay was absent?
Stephen Douglass of Illinois.
212
How did the bill/compromise get passed?
One point at a time.
213
How did Calhoun feel about the Compromise?
| Opposition to Compromise of 1850
He felt that it wasn't strong enough for the South, but he died before a vote was ever taken.
214
How did Zachary Taylor feel about the compromise?
| Opposition to the Compromise of 1850
It was certain that he would veto the bill and the chances of overriding his veto were very slim.
215
What happened before Taylor could veto the bill/compromise?
| Opposition to the Compromise of 1850
Taylor became sick and died of an acute intestinal disorder (food poisoning) in 1850, so Millard Fillmore became President before he could veto the bill.
216
How did Fillmore feel about the Compromise?
| Opposition to the Compromise of 1850
He supported the Compromise and signed it into law in 1850.
217
When did Clay and Webster die?
1852. 2 years after the Compromise was signed into law.
218
When was the Gadsden Purchase purchased?
1853
219
Why was the Gadsden Purchased purchased?
As a route around the Rocky Mountains for the railroad.
220
How much did the United States pay Mexico for the Gadsden Purchase?
$10 million
