JC 1

Question 1

rationale

Answer 1

a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or belief.

Question 2

population-specific

Answer 2

something tailored or applicable to a specific group of people, often defined by demographic characteristics like age, gender, ethnicity, or geographic location

Question 3

morbidity

Answer 3

The condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition

Question 4

mortality

Answer 4

The state of being mortal (destined to die)

Question 5

random error

Answer 5

unpredictable variations in measurements that cause values to fluctuate around the true value, with positive and negative errors occurring roughly equally

Question 6

systematic error

Answer 6

a type of measurement error that consistently shifts measurements in the same direction, leading to a deviation from the true value

Question 7

imprecision

Answer 7

Lack of exactness or accuracy

Question 8

inaccuracy

Answer 8

The quality or state of not being accurate

Question 9

gold standard

Answer 9

The most rigorous and reliable method or approach for a specific type of study, providing the highest level of evidence

Question 10

reference test

Answer 10

a well-established and highly accurate method used to evaluate the performance of other diagnostic or measurement test

Question 11

index test

Answer 11

the new diagnostic test being evaluated against a reference standard

Question 12

external validation

Answer 12

the process of evaluating how well the findings of a study can be applied to different situations, populations, or settings beyond the original study’s scope

Question 13

internal validation

Answer 13

The extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between the variables being studies, minimizing the influence of other factors

Question 14

comparative study

Answer 14

a research methodology that examines and contrasts two or more entities to identify similarities and differences

Question 15

receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

Answer 15

A graphical plot that visualizes the performance of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied

Question 16

normality

Answer 16

The assumption that data or the residuals of a statistical model follow a normal distribution

Question 17

mean

Answer 17

the average of a set of numbers

Question 18

standard deviation

Answer 18

a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values from its mean

Question 19

median

Answer 19

The middle value in a data set

Question 20

interquartile range

Answer 20

a measure of statistical dispersion, representing the spread of the middle 50% of a data set

Question 21

variability

Answer 21

the extent to which data points in a set differ from each other and from the average value

Question 22

distribution

Answer 22

how the values of a viable are spread out or distributed across a dataset

Question 23

data

Answer 23

any information that is collected, observed, generated, or created to support or validate research findings

Question 24

Bland-Altman plot

Answer 24

a graphical method used in research to assess the agreement between two different measurements methods or techniques

Question 25

agreement

Answer 25

the degree to which different measurements or assessments of the same thing yield similar results

Question 26

classification

Answer 26

the patients are categorized in different risk groups

Question 27

cut-off points

Answer 27

a specific value used to categorize data into different groups

Question 28

risk stratification

Answer 28

the process of categorizing participants into different groups based on their risk of experiencing a specific outcome or event

Question 29

sensitivity

Answer 29

ability of a test to correctly identify true positives

Question 30

specificity

Answer 30

ability of a test to correctly identify true negatives

Question 31

confidence intervals

Answer 31

range within which the true value is expected to fall, with a given level of certainty

Question 32

correlation coefficient

Answer 32

numerical measure of the strength and direction of a correlation

Question 33

Pearson's correlation coefficient

Answer 33

linear correlation measure for continuous, normally distributed variables

Question 34

reproducibility

Answer 34

ability to consistently replicate results under the same conditions